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Do not fill this in! == Culture == {{Main|Culture of the Philippines}} [[File:Banaue Philippines Banaue-Rice-Terraces-01.jpg|thumb|alt=A terraced hillside, seen from above|The [[Banaue Rice Terraces]], carved by ancestors of the [[Ifugao people]]]] The Philippines has significant cultural diversity, reinforced by the country's fragmented geography.<ref name="Junker-1999" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r50BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|name=61}}}}<ref name="Bankoff-2017">{{cite book|last1=Bankoff |first1=Greg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Se1HDwAAQBAJ |title=Post-Colonial National Identity in the Philippines: Celebrating the Centennial of Independence |series=Routledge Revivals |last2=Weekley |first2=Kathleen |date=2017 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-351-74209-2}}</ref> Spanish and American cultures profoundly influenced Filipino culture as a result of long colonization.<ref name="Edelstein-2011">{{cite book|editor-last1=Edelstein |editor-first1=Sari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lj0CeaIIETkC |title=Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals |publisher=[[Jones & Bartlett Learning]] |location=Sudbury, Mass. |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7637-5965-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lj0CeaIIETkC&pg=PA515 515]}}</ref><ref name="Banlaoi-2009"/> The cultures of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago developed distinctly, since they had limited Spanish influence and more influence from nearby Islamic regions.<ref name="Wernstedt-1967" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C&pg=PA503|name=503}}}} Indigenous groups such as the [[Igorot]]s have preserved their precolonial customs and traditions by resisting the Spanish.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Williams |first=Victoria R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_zRDwAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival |edition=Illustrated |title=Igorot |date=February 24, 2020 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3_zRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA473 473] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Minahan |first=James B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT101 |encyclopedia=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |edition=Illustrated |series=Ethnic Groups of the World |title=Cordillerans |date=August 30, 2012 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-59884-660-7 |language=en}}</ref> A [[Filipino nationalism|national identity]] [[National revival|emerged]] during the 19th century, however, with [[National symbols of the Philippines|shared national symbols]] and cultural and historical [[Touchstone (metaphor)|touchstones]].<ref name="Bankoff-2017" /> [[Spanish influence on Filipino culture|Hispanic legacies]] include the dominance of Catholicism<ref name="Guillermo-2012" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA5|name=5}}}}<ref name="Edelstein-2011" /> and the prevalence of [[Catálogo alfabético de apellidos|Spanish names and surnames]], which resulted from an 1849 edict ordering the systematic distribution of family names and the implementation of [[Spanish naming customs]];<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|name=75}}}}<ref name="Woods-2006" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PT262|name=237}}}} the [[List of Philippine place names of Spanish origin|names of many locations]] also have Spanish origins.<ref>{{cite book|last=Law |first=Gwillim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0OeCQAAQBAJ |title=Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998 |date=November 19, 2010 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=978-0-7864-6097-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=z0OeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA289 289] |language=en}}</ref> American influence on modern Filipino culture<ref name="Banlaoi-2009"/> is evident in the use of English<ref name="Nadal-2011">{{cite book|last=Nadal |first=Kevin L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC |title=Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice |date=March 23, 2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |location=Hoboken, N.J. |isbn=978-1-118-01977-1 |language=en |author-link1=Kevin Nadal}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC&pg=PA12|name=12}}}} and Filipino consumption of [[fast food]] and American films and music.<ref name="Edelstein-2011" /> [[Public holidays in the Philippines]] are classified as regular or special.<ref>{{Cite PH act |title=Instituting the "Administrative Code of 1987" |chamber=EO |number=292, s. 1987 [BOOK I/Chapter 7-Regular Holidays and Nationwide Special Days] |date=July 25, 1987 |section=26 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07/25/executive-order-no-292-book-ichapter-7-regular-holidays-and-nationwide-special-days/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903160004/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07/25/executive-order-no-292-book-ichapter-7-regular-holidays-and-nationwide-special-days/ |archive-date=September 3, 2017 |access-date=March 10, 2023 |publisher=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |location=Manila, Philippines}}</ref> [[List of festivals in the Philippines|Festivals]] are primarily religious, and most towns and villages have such a festival (usually to honor a [[patron saint]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chan |first1=Richel Royce T. |title=The Festival Extravaganza of Vigan City, Philippines |journal=UNP Research Journal |date=January 2020 |volume=XXIX |pages=64–66 |url=https://vector.unp.edu.ph/index.php/1/article/download/57/7/251 |publisher=[[University of Northern Philippines]] |issn=0119-3058 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430021308/https://vector.unp.edu.ph/index.php/1/article/download/57/7/251 |archive-date=April 30, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Wendt-1998">{{cite journal|last1=Wendt |first1=Reinhard |title=Philippine Fiesta and Colonial Culture |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |date=1998 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=4–5 |issn=0031-7837 |jstor=42633620}}</ref> Better-known festivals include [[Ati-Atihan festival|Ati-Atihan]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Aguirre |first=Jun |date=March 4, 2018 |title=Legend of the Ati-atihan Fest in Aklan |work=[[BusinessMirror]] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/03/04/legend-of-the-ati-atihan-fest-in-aklan/ |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903154448/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/03/04/legend-of-the-ati-atihan-fest-in-aklan/ |archive-date=September 3, 2020}}</ref> [[Dinagyang]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pison |first1=Ruth Jordana |title=The Dinagyang Festival: An Afterlife of the Ilonggos' Faith |journal=Journal of English Studies and Comparative Literature |date=May 28, 2019 |volume=16 |pages=81, 85 |url=https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/jescl/article/view/6728/5829 |access-date=August 30, 2023 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines]] |language=en |issn=0119-1721}}</ref> [[Moriones Festival|Moriones]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Cinco |first=Maricar |date=March 26, 2018 |title=Moriones: solemn tradition, not festive occasion |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/978072/moriones-festival-returns-to-religious-roots |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326035724/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/978072/moriones-festival-returns-to-religious-roots |archive-date=March 26, 2018}}</ref> [[Sinulog]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=February 27, 2018 |title=Sinulog named as Asia's most popular festival |work=[[SunStar]] |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/421022/Business/Sinulog-named-as-Asias-most-popular-festival |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903161024/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/421022/Business/Sinulog-named-as-Asias-most-popular-festival |archive-date=September 3, 2020}}</ref> and [[Flores de Mayo]]—a month-long devotion to the [[Virgin Mary]] held in May.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=Patricia Marion Y. |title=Mary as Mother in the Flores de Mayo in Poblacion, Oslob |journal=Humanities Diliman: A Philippine Journal of Humanities |date=February 22, 2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=101 |url=https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/humanitiesdiliman/article/view/4932/4444 |access-date=August 30, 2023 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines]] |language=en |issn=2012-0788 |oclc=7181411125 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623012242/https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/humanitiesdiliman/article/view/4932/4444 |archive-date=June 23, 2016}}</ref> The country's [[Christmas in the Philippines|Christmas season]] begins as early as September 1,<ref name="Rood-2019">{{cite book|last=Rood |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmCpDwAAQBAJ |title=The Philippines: What Everyone Needs to Know® |date=June 15, 2019 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-19-092060-9 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmCpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|name=149}}}} and [[Holy Week in the Philippines|Holy Week]] is a solemn religious observance for its Christian population.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sexton |first=Colleen A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffGdShrIrQAC |title=Philippines in Pictures |series=Visual Geography Series |date=January 1, 2006 |publisher=[[Twenty-First Century Books]] |location=Minneapolis, Minn. |isbn=978-0-8225-2677-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ffGdShrIrQAC&pg=PA46 46] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rood-2019" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmCpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|name=149}}}} === Values === {{Further|Filipino values}} [[File:Core Value.JPG|thumb|alt=Colored outdoor statue of a child pressing their forehead on the hand of a seated elder|Statue in [[Iriga]] commemorating {{lang|fil|[[Mano (gesture)|mano po]]}}]] Filipino [[Value (ethics and social sciences)|values]] are rooted primarily in personal alliances based in [[Philippine kinship|kinship]], obligation, friendship, religion (particularly Christianity), and commerce.<ref name="Dolan-1991" />{{rp|loc={{plain link|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927161138/https://countrystudies.us/philippines/41.htm|name=41}}}} They center around social harmony through {{lang|fil|[[pakikisama]]}},<ref name="Qiu-2004">{{cite book|editor-last1=Qiu |editor-first1=Renzong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puYpTx1gE40C |title=Bioethics: Asian Perspectives: A Quest for Moral Diversity |series=Philosophy and Medicine |volume=80 |date=2004 |publisher=[[Kluwer Academic Publishers]] |location=Dordrecht, Netherlands |isbn=978-1-4020-1795-7 |language=en |author-link1=Qiu Renzong}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puYpTx1gE40C&pg=PA74|name=74}}}} motivated primarily by the desire for acceptance by a group.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hallig |first1=Jason V. |title=Communicating Holiness to the Filipinos: Challenges and Needs the Path to a Filipino Theology of Holiness |journal=Didache: Faithful Teaching |volume=2 |issue=1 |issn=1536-0156 |url=http://didache.nts.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=277&Itemid |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720015814/http://didache.nts.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=277&Itemid |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |access-date=February 10, 2023 |via=[[Nazarene Theological Seminary]] |pages=2, 10}}</ref><ref name="Warner-2014" /><ref name="Nadal-2011" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC&pg=PA47|name=47}}}} Reciprocity through {{lang|fil|[[utang na loob]]}} (a debt of gratitude) is a significant Filipino cultural trait, and an internalized debt can never be fully repaid.<ref name="Qiu-2004" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puYpTx1gE40C&pg=PA76|name=76}}}}<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Alora |editor-first1=Angeles Tan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=55momC6vMWIC |title=Beyond a Western Bioethics: Voices from the Developing World |editor-last2=Lumitao |editor-first2=Josephine M. |date=2001 |publisher=[[Georgetown University Press]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-58901-249-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=55momC6vMWIC&pg=PA57 57] |language=en}}</ref> The main sanction for divergence from these values are the concepts of {{lang|fil|hiya}} (shame)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tabadda |first1=Emil V. |editor-last1=Gripaldo |editor-first1=Rolando M. |title=Filipino Cultural Traits: Claro R. Ceniza Lectures |series=Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change Series IIID, Southeast Asia |volume=4 |date=2005 |publisher=Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-56518-225-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXJe6vKMjroC |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hXJe6vKMjroC&pg=PA35 35–39] |chapter=Chapter II: A Phenomenology of the Tagalog Notions of Hiya [Shame] and Dangal [Dignity] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXJe6vKMjroC&pg=PA21}}</ref> and loss of {{lang|es|amor propio}} ([[self-esteem]]).<ref name="Warner-2014">{{cite book|editor-last1=Warner |editor-first1=Malcolm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HgBAwAAQBAJ |title=Culture and Management in Asia |date=March 5, 2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-136-49760-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-HgBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 157] |language=en}}</ref> The family is central to Philippine society; norms such as loyalty, maintaining close relationships and care for elderly parents are ingrained in Philippine society.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Smith |first1=Bradford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-932648SbP4C |title=Philanthropy in Communities of Color |last2=Shue |first2=Sylvia |last3=Vest |first3=Jennifer Lisa |last4=Villarreal |first4=Joseph |date=1999 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=Bloomington, Ind. |isbn=978-0-253-11293-4 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-932648SbP4C&pg=PA89 89–90] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Naylor |editor-first1=Larry L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HhUKBb807GsC |title=Cultural Diversity in the United States |date=1997 |publisher=[[Bergin & Garvey]] |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-89789-479-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HhUKBb807GsC&pg=PA179 179] |language=en}}</ref> Respect for authority and the elderly is valued, and is shown with gestures such as {{lang|fil|mano}} and the [[Filipino styles and honorifics|honorifics]] {{lang|fil|po}} and {{lang|fil|opo}} and {{lang|fil|kuya}} (older brother) or {{lang|fil|ate}} (older sister).<ref>{{cite book|last=Bonifacio |first=Glenda Tibe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXPQAQAAQBAJ |title=Pinay on the Prairies: Filipino Women and Transnational Identities |date=November 15, 2013 |publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press|UBC Press]] |location=Vancouver, Canada |isbn=978-0-7748-2582-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OXPQAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 192] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Nadal |editor-first1=Kevin Leo Yabut |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGN7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT660 |encyclopedia=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Filipina/x/o American Studies |title=Family Structure |editor-last2=Tintiangco-Cubales |editor-first2=Allyson |editor-last3=David |editor-first3=E. J. R. |date=November 3, 2022 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |location=Thousand Oaks, Calif. |isbn=978-1-0718-2901-1 |at=Hierarchy |language=en|editor-link1=Kevin Nadal}}</ref> Other Filipino values are optimism about the future, pessimism about the present, concern about other people, friendship and friendliness, [[hospitality]], religiosity, respect for oneself and others (particularly [[Women in the Philippines|women]]), and integrity.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Talisayon |first1=Serafin D. |editor-last1=Dy |editor-first1=Manuel B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRoYc2hPg2sC |title=Values in Philippine Culture and Education |series=Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change Series III. Asia; Philippine Philosophical Studies |volume=7 |publisher=Office of Research and Publications, Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-56518-040-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hRoYc2hPg2sC&pg=PA155 155] |chapter=Chapter 13: Teaching Values in the Natural and Physical Sciences in the Philippines |chapter-url=https://www.crvp.org/publications/Series-III/III-7.pdf |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804051616/https://www.crvp.org/publications/Series-III/III-7.pdf |archive-date=August 4, 2022}}</ref> === Art and architecture === {{Main|Arts in the Philippines|Architecture of the Philippines}} [[File:'Spoliarium' by Juan Luna.jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of dying gladiators|[[Juan Luna]]'s ''[[Spoliarium]]'' (1884) at the [[National Museum of the Philippines]]]] Philippine art combines indigenous folk art and foreign influences, primarily Spain and the United States.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Panizo |first1=Alfredo |last2=Rustia |first2=Erlinda F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y86zdJE87TsC |title=Introduction to Art Appreciation and Aesthetics: An Approach to the Humanities |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-23-1932-7 |date=1969 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y86zdJE87TsC&pg=PA156 156] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="McFerson-2002">{{cite book|editor-last1=McFerson |editor-first1=Hazel M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC |title=Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines |date=2002 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-313-30791-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC&pg=PA22 22–23] |language=en}}</ref> During the Spanish colonial period, art was used to spread Catholicism and support the concept of racially-superior groups.<ref name="McFerson-2002" /> Classical paintings were mainly religious;<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Hernandez |first1=Eloisa May P. |title=The Spanish Colonial Tradition in Philippine Visual Arts |url=http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/visual-arts/the-spanish-colonial-tradition-in-philippine-visual-arts/ |publisher=[[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]] |access-date=April 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421082733/http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/visual-arts/the-spanish-colonial-tradition-in-philippine-visual-arts/ |archive-date=April 21, 2016 |date=April 15, 2015 |at=A. Painting}}</ref> prominent artists during Spanish colonial rule included [[Juan Luna]] and [[Félix Resurrección Hidalgo]], whose works drew attention to the Philippines.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Ocampo |first1=Ambeth |author1-link=Ambeth Ocampo |title=Jose Rizal in Filipino Literature and History |url=https://archium.ateneo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=history-faculty-pubs |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |access-date=May 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414005130/https://archium.ateneo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=history-faculty-pubs |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |pages=77–78}}</ref> [[Modernism]] was introduced to the Philippines during the 1920s and 1930s by [[Victorio Edades]] and popular [[pastoral]] scenes by [[Fernando Amorsolo]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Foster |first1=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJttBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT523 |title=The Rough Guide to the Philippines |last2=Deere |first2=Kiki |date=October 1, 2014 |publisher=[[Rough Guides UK]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-0-241-01376-2 |language=en}}</ref> [[File:St. Agustine Paoay Church 02.jpg|thumb|alt=Old, mossy church with a lawn in front|The early-18th-century Earthquake Baroque [[Paoay Church]] in [[Ilocos Norte]], a National Cultural Treasure and a UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of four Baroque Churches of the Philippines<ref name="UNESCO-BaroqueChurches" />]] Traditional Philippine architecture has two main models: the indigenous {{lang|fil|[[bahay kubo]]}} and the {{lang|fil|[[bahay na bato]]}}, which developed under Spanish rule.<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA438|name=438–444}}}} Some regions, such as [[Batanes]], differ slightly due to climate; limestone was used as a building material, and houses were built to withstand typhoons.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Yu |editor-first1=Pei-Lin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DhjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT151 |title=Relevance and Application of Heritage in Contemporary Society |editor-last2=Shen |editor-first2=Chen |editor-last3=Smith |editor-first3=George S. |date=2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-351-33296-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Brown |editor-first1=Jessica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18iV522zLj0C |title=The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community |editor-last2=Mitchell |editor-first2=Nora J. |editor-last3=Beresford |editor-first3=Michael |date=2005 |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] |location=Gland, Switzerland |isbn=978-2-8317-0797-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=18iV522zLj0C&pg=PA101 101] |language=en}}</ref> [[Spanish architecture]] left an imprint in town designs around a [[poblacion|central square]] or {{lang|es|plaza mayor}}, but many of its buildings were damaged or destroyed during World War II.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Cruz |first1=Geoffrey Rhoel C. |title=A Review of How Philippine Colonial Experience Influenced the Country's Approaches to Conservation of Cultural Heritage |url=https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/conferences/arts-congress-proceedings/2019/FAC-02.pdf |access-date=1 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517150542/https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/conferences/arts-congress-proceedings/2019/FAC-02.pdf |archive-date=May 17, 2021 |publisher=[[De La Salle University]] |book-title=Arts Congress Proceedings |volume=3 |series=9 |date=February 2019 |location=Manila, Philippines |conference=12th Arts Congress |issn=2012-0311 |at=The Philippine Built Cultural Heritage}}</ref><ref name="Ring-1996" /> [[List of Baroque churches in the Philippines|Several]] Philippine [[List of Catholic churches in the Philippines|churches]] adapted [[baroque architecture]] to withstand earthquakes, leading to the development of [[Earthquake Baroque]];<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ortiz |first1=Ma. Aurora R. |last2=Erestain |first2=Teresita E. |last3=Guillermo |first3=Alice G. |last4=Montano |first4=Myrna C. |last5=Pilar |first5=Santiago A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9UE6SQayrUC |title=Art: Perception & Appreciation |publisher=Goodwill Trading Co., Inc. |location=Makati, Philippines |isbn=978-971-11-0933-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=T9UE6SQayrUC&pg=PA287 287] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Girard-2021">{{cite book|last=Girard |first=Jean-Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYZaEAAAQBAJ |title=Leandro Valencia Locsin: Filipino architect |date=December 6, 2021 |publisher=[[Birkhäuser]] |location=Basel, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-0356-2093-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BYZaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23–25] |language=en}}</ref> [[Baroque Churches of the Philippines|four baroque churches]] have been listed as a collective UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="UNESCO-BaroqueChurches">{{#invoke:cite web||year=2010 |title=Baroque Churches of the Philippines |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/677/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210154046/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/677/ |archive-date=February 10, 2006 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=[[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Centre]] |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> [[Spanish colonial fortifications in the Philippines|Spanish colonial fortifications]] ({{lang|es|fuerzas}}) in several parts of the Philippines were primarily designed by missionary architects and built by Filipino stonemasons.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harrison |first1=Peter |title=Castles of God: Fortified Religious Buildings of the World |date=2004 |publisher=[[Boydell Press]] |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk, England |isbn=978-1-84383-066-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=g6PqNavNEdgC&pg=PA190 190] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6PqNavNEdgC |language=en}}</ref> [[Vigan]], in [[Ilocos Sur]], is known for its Hispanic-style houses and buildings.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rabang |first1=Marie Rose Q. |title=Cultural Mapping as a Tool in Heritage Conservation in a World Heritage Site: The Vigan City Experience |journal=Journal Sampurasun: Interdisciplinary Studies for Cultural Heritage |date=December 4, 2015 |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=31 |doi=10.23969/sampurasun.v1i1.26 |url=https://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/sampurasun/article/download/26/7/58 |access-date=April 19, 2023 |publisher=Research Institute of Pasundan University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429061850/https://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/sampurasun/article/download/26/7/58 |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref> American rule introduced new architectural styles in the construction of government buildings and [[Art Deco]] theaters.<ref name="NCCAGovPH-Architecture">{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Noche |first1=Manuel D. C. |title=History of Philippine Architecture |date=April 14, 2015 |url=http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-and-allied-arts-2/history-of-philippine-architecture/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421020700/http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-and-allied-arts-2/history-of-philippine-architecture/ |archive-date=April 21, 2017 |access-date=September 8, 2016 |publisher=[[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]}}</ref> During the American period, some city planning using architectural designs and master plans by [[Daniel Burnham]] was done in portions of [[Burnham Plan of Manila|Manila]] and [[Baguio]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Adams |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zNNdADCYcAC |title=Outline of Town and City Planning |date=November 2004 |publisher=[[Routledge]]/[[Thoemmes Press]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-0-415-16094-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1zNNdADCYcAC&pg=PA201 201] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kirsch |first=Scott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrujEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT122 |title=American Colonial Spaces in the Philippines: Insular Empire |series=Routledge Research in Historical Geography |date=February 15, 2023 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-000-83977-7 |language=en}}</ref> Part of the Burnham plan was the construction of government buildings reminiscent of [[Ancient Greek architecture|Greek]] or [[Neoclassical architecture]].<ref name="NCCAGovPH-Architecture" /><ref name="Girard-2021" /> Buildings from the Spanish and American periods can be seen in [[Iloilo]], especially in [[Calle Real, Iloilo|Calle Real]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Salas |first=Vic |date=August 9, 2022 |title=[Ilonggo Notes] A city of cultural heritage tourism zones |work=[[Rappler]] |url=https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/travel/ilonggo-notes-city-cultural-heritage-tourism-zones-iloilo/ |access-date=November 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809115745/https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/travel/ilonggo-notes-city-cultural-heritage-tourism-zones-iloilo/ |archive-date=August 9, 2022}}</ref> ===Music and dance=== {{Main|Music of the Philippines|Dance in the Philippines}} [[File:Tinikling.jpg|thumb|alt=Female dancers in colorful dresses|[[Tinikling]], a dance depicting the swift leg movements of a ''tikling'' bird eluding a farmer's traps<ref>{{cite book|last=Akombo |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ByGCwAAQBAJ |title=The Unity of Music and Dance in World Cultures |date=February 3, 2016 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=978-1-4766-2269-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1ByGCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172 172] |language=en}}</ref>]] There are two types of Philippine [[folk dance]], stemming from traditional indigenous influences and Spanish influence.<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA173|name=173}}}} Although native dances had become less popular,<ref name="Villaruz-2006">{{cite book|last=Villaruz |first=Basilio Esteban S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C |title=Treading Through: 45 Years of Philippine Dance |date=2006 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-542-509-4}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA77|name=77}}}} folk dancing began to revive during the 1920s.<ref name="Villaruz-2006" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA82|name=82}}}} The [[Cariñosa]], a Hispanic Filipino dance, is unofficially considered the country's national dance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rodríguez |first=José Miguel Díaz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emNgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT159 |title=The Appeal of the Philippines: Spain, Cultural Representation and Politics |series=Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia Series |date= 2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-351-99811-6 |language=en}}</ref> Popular indigenous dances include the [[Tinikling]] and [[Singkil (Maranao dance)|Singkil]], which include the rhythmic clapping of bamboo poles.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Parfitt |editor-first1=Clare |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYNSEAAAQBAJ |title=Cultural Memory and Popular Dance: Dancing to Remember, Dancing to Forget |series=Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies |date=2021 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-030-71083-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rYNSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 189] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Namiki |first1=Kanami |title=Hybridity and National Identity: Different Perspectives of Two National Folk Dance Companies in the Philippines |journal=Asian Studies |date=2011 |volume=47 |issue=Special Issue: Cultural Hybridities of the Philippines |pages=69, 84 |url=https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-47-2011/vol-47-2011-cultural-hybridities-philippines.pdf |access-date=May 10, 2023 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines]] |issn=0004-4679 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711181559/https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-47-2011/vol-47-2011-cultural-hybridities-philippines.pdf |archive-date=July 11, 2013}}</ref> Present-day dances vary from delicate [[ballet]]<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Burridge |editor-first1=Stephanie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ng5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT164 |title=The Routledge Companion to Dance in Asia and the Pacific: Platforms for Change |date=September 9, 2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-000-44021-8 |language=en}}</ref> to street-oriented [[breakdancing]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Villacruz |first=Basilio Esteban S. |date=July 24, 2014 |title=Philippine Dance in the American Period |url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=1&i=117 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724234241/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=1&i=117 |archive-date=July 24, 2014 |publisher=[[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Gasgonia |first=Dennis |date=December 8, 2020 |title=Olympic OK music to Pinoy breakdancers' ears — 'Chance to put PH on the map' |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/sports/12/08/20/olympic-ok-music-to-pinoy-breakdancers-ears-chance-to-put-ph-on-the-map |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208160028/https://news.abs-cbn.com/sports/12/08/20/olympic-ok-music-to-pinoy-breakdancers-ears-chance-to-put-ph-on-the-map |archive-date=December 8, 2020}}</ref> [[Rondalla|Rondalya]] music, with traditional [[mandolin]]-type [[List of Philippine musical instruments|instruments]], was popular during the Spanish era.<ref name="Thompson-Batalla-2018" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA327|name=327}}}}<ref name="KCET-MasterRondalla" /> Spanish-influenced musicians are primarily [[bandurria]]-based bands with 14-string guitars.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Martin |editor-first1=Andrew R. |editor-last2=Mihalka |editor-first2=Matthew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvb2DwAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Music around the World: A Global Encyclopedia |title=Philippines, Music of the |date=September 8, 2020 |edition=1st |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-499-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wvb2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA665 665] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="KCET-MasterRondalla">{{#invoke:cite news||date=May 24, 2022 |title=This Master Rondalla Musician is Preserving the Sounds of Philippine Culture in L.A. |work=[[KCET]] |url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/artbound/this-master-rondalla-musician-is-preserving-the-sounds-of-philippine-culture-in-l-a |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524195859/https://www.kcet.org/shows/artbound/this-master-rondalla-musician-is-preserving-the-sounds-of-philippine-culture-in-l-a |archive-date=May 24, 2022}}</ref> [[Kundiman]] developed during the 1920s and 1930s.<ref name="Ellingham-1999">{{cite book|last=Ellingham |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC |title=The Rough Guide to World Music |volume=2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia & Pacific |series=Rough Guide Music Guides |publisher=[[Rough Guides]] |location=London, England |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-85828-636-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&pg=PA214 214]}}</ref> The American colonial period exposed many Filipinos to [[Culture of the United States|U.S. culture]] and [[Music of the United States|popular music]].<ref name="Ellingham-1999" /> [[Rock music]] was introduced to Filipinos during the 1960s and developed into Filipino rock (or [[Pinoy rock]]), a term encompassing [[pop rock]], [[alternative rock]], [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[punk rock|punk]], [[new wave music|new wave]], [[ska]], and [[reggae]]. Martial law in the 1970s produced [[Philippine folk music|Filipino folk rock]] bands and artists who [[Protest music against the Marcos dictatorship|were at the forefront]] of political demonstrations.<ref name="Murray-2016">{{cite book|editor-last1=Murray |editor-first1=Jeremy A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ |title=Pop Culture in Asia and Oceania |series=Entertainment and Society around the World |editor-last2=Nadeau |editor-first2=Kathleen |date=August 15, 2016 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-4408-3991-7 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|name=38–41}}}} The decade also saw the birth of the [[Manila sound]] and [[Original Pilipino Music]] (OPM).<ref name="Shunwei-2022">{{cite journal|last1=Shunwei |first1=Liu |last2=Jia |first2=Li |title=Establishment of Philippine Popular Music Industry |journal=Multicultural Education |date=June 7, 2022 |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=60, 66–67 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.6618973 |doi-access=free |url=http://ijdri.com/me/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/6.pdf |access-date=April 30, 2023 |publisher=International Journal Documentation & Research Institute}}</ref><ref name="Woods-2006" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PT196|name=171}}}} [[Filipino hip-hop]], which originated in 1979, entered the mainstream in 1990.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Goldsmith |editor-first1=Melissa Ursula Dawn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mR2DwAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Hip Hop around the World: An Encyclopedia |edition=Illustrated |title=The Philippines |volume=I and II: A–Z |editor-last2=Fonseca |editor-first2=Anthony J. |date=December 2018 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-0-313-35759-6 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6mR2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA552 552–553]}}</ref><ref name="Murray-2016" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|name=38–41}}}} [[Karaoke]] is also popular.<ref>{{cite book|last=Klempe |first=Sven Hroar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vaV0EAAAQBAJ |title=Sound and Reason: Synesthesia as Metacognition |series=Palgrave Studies in Sound |date=2022 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-2340-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vaV0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 83] |language=en}}</ref> From 2010 to 2020, [[Pinoy pop]] (P-pop) was influenced by [[K-pop]] and [[J-pop]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Newbould |first=Chris |date=October 24, 2022 |title=A brief history of P-pop, from anti-Marcos messages to the mainstream and back |language=en |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/2022/10/24/a-brief-history-of-p-pop-from-anti-marcos-messages-to-the-mainstream-and-back/ |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205213311/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/2022/10/24/a-brief-history-of-p-pop-from-anti-marcos-messages-to-the-mainstream-and-back/ |archive-date=December 5, 2022}}</ref> Locally produced theatrical drama became established during the late 1870s. Spanish influence around that time introduced {{lang|es|[[zarzuela]]}} plays (with music)<ref name="Liu-2016">{{cite book|editor-last1=Liu |editor-first1=Siyuan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre |series=Routledge Handbooks |date=2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-317-27886-3 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA372 372–373]}}</ref> and {{lang|es|[[Comedia (play)|comedia]]}}s, with dance. The plays became popular throughout the country,<ref name="Villaruz-2006" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA69|name=69–70}}}} and were written in a number of local languages.<ref name="Liu-2016" /> American influence introduced [[vaudeville]] and ballet.<ref name="Villaruz-2006" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA69|name=69–70}}}} [[Realism (theatre)|Realistic]] theatre became dominant during the 20th century, with plays focusing on contemporary political and social issues.<ref name="Liu-2016" /> === Literature === {{Main|Philippine literature}} [[File:Jose Rizal full.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=photograph of José Rizal|José Rizal's writings inspired the [[Philippine Revolution]].]] Philippine literature consists of [[Filipiniana|works]] usually written in Filipino, [[Philippine literature in Spanish|Spanish]], or [[Philippine literature in English|English]]. Some of the earliest well-known works were created from the 17th to the 19th centuries.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbY3AAAAIAAJ |title=Literaturen |date=1976 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-04331-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NbY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA277 277] |language=en}}</ref> They include {{lang|fil|[[Ibong Adarna]]}}, an epic about an eponymous magical bird,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Eulogio Balan |title=The Adarna Bird: A Filipino Tale of Pre-Spanish Origin Incorporated in the Development of Philippine Literature, the Rapid Growth of Vernacular Belles-letters from Its Earliest Inception to the Present Day |date=1933 |publisher=General Printing Press |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |pages=[https://web.archive.org/web/20230725001129/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AJV4301.0001.001/56 51]–[https://web.archive.org/web/20230725001307/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ajv4301.0001.001/57 52] |url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/ajv4301.0001.001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725001440/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;idno=AJV4301.0001.001 |archive-date=July 25, 2023 |oclc=34358713 |via=[[University of Michigan Library]]}}</ref> and {{lang|fil|[[Florante at Laura]]}} by Tagalog author [[Francisco Balagtas]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lumbera |first1=Bienvenido |title='Florante at Laura' and the Formalization of Tradition in Tagalog Poetry |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |date=1967 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=545–575 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |issn=0031-7837 |jstor=42720240}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Blanco |first=John D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNtM4sXUgCEC |title=Frontier Constitutions: Christianity and Colonial Empire in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines |date=February 24, 2009 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley, Calif. |isbn=978-0-520-94369-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sNtM4sXUgCEC&pg=PA55 55] |language=en}}</ref> [[José Rizal]] wrote the novels {{lang|es|[[Noli Me Tángere (novel)|Noli Me Tángere]]}} (''Social Cancer'') and {{lang|es|[[El filibusterismo]]}} (''The Reign of Greed''),<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bernad |first1=Miguel A. |title=Rizal in Guerrero's Translation: El Filibusterismo |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |date=1967 |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=204 |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/2299/4425 |access-date=April 30, 2023 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |issn=0031-7837 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108185224/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/2299/4425 |archive-date=November 8, 2017}}</ref> both of which depict the injustices of Spanish colonial rule.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Tarver |editor-first1=H. Micheal |editor-last2=Slape |editor-first2=Emily |encyclopedia=The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia |series=Empires of the World |volume=I |edition=Illustrated |title=Philippine Revolution (1896–1898) |date=July 25, 2016 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-422-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA108 108] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> [[Philippine folk literature|Folk literature]] was relatively unaffected by colonial influence until the 19th century due to Spanish indifference. Most printed literary works during Spanish colonial rule were religious in nature, although [[Ilustrado|Filipino elites]] who later learned Spanish wrote nationalistic literature.<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA59|name=59–62}}}} The American arrival [[Education in the Philippines during American rule|began]] Filipino literary use of English<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA65|name=65–66}}}} and influenced the development of the [[Philippine comics]] industry that flourished from the 1920s through the 1970s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reyes |first1=Soledad S. |author1-link=Soledad Reyes |title=The Philippine 'Komiks': Text as Containment |journal=Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science |date=1997 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=81–81, 85–87 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |doi=10.1163/030382497X00059 |jstor=24492451 |issn=0303-8246 |oclc=9982710804}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reyes |first1=Soledad S. |author1-link=Soledad Reyes |title=The Komiks and Retelling the Lore of the Folk |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |date=2009 |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=389–390 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |jstor=42634017 |issn=0031-7837 |oclc=9975776944}}</ref> In the late 1960s, during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, Philippine literature was [[Student activism in the Philippines (1965–1972)|influenced by political activism]]; many poets began using Tagalog, in keeping with the country's oral traditions.<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA69|name=69–71}}}} [[Philippine mythology]] has been handed down primarily through oral tradition;<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Fee |editor-first1=Christopher R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXnEDAAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales: An Encyclopedia of American Folklore |volume=I: A–F |title=Filipino American Folklore and Folktales |editor-last2=Webb |editor-first2=Jeffrey B. |date=August 29, 2016 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-568-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kXnEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA369 369] |language=en |author-link1=Christopher R. Fee}}</ref> popular [[List of Philippine mythological figures|figures]] are [[Maria Makiling]],<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Hardenberg |editor-first1=Wilko Graf von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gkqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |title=The Nature State: Rethinking the History of Conservation |series=Routledge Environmental Humanities series |editor-last2=Kelly |editor-first2=Matthew |editor-last3=Leal |editor-first3=Claudia |editor-last4=Wakild |editor-first4=Emily |date=July 14, 2017 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-351-76463-6 |language=en}}</ref> [[Biag ni Lam-Ang|Lam-ang]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Villanueva |first1=Louie B. |title=Biag ni Lam-ang: An Ilokano Epic Analysis and Its Implication to Ilokano Folk Literature and Philippine Educational Development |journal=Journal of Tianjin University: Science and Technology |date=2022 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=624–625, 631 |doi=10.17605/OSF.IO/RYXCN |url=https://tianjindaxuexuebao.com/dashboard/uploads/39.%20RYXCN.pdf |access-date=May 1, 2023 |publisher=[[Tianjin University]] |issn=0493-2137}}</ref> and the [[Sarimanok]].<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA61|name=61}}}}<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Bane |first=Theresa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PYWDAAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Beasts and Monsters in Myth, Legend and Folklore |title=Sarimanok |date=May 22, 2016 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=978-1-4766-2268-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7PYWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA279 279] |language=en}}</ref> The country has a number of [[Philippine epic poetry|folk epics]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Lopez |first=Mellie Leandicho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGssp-oJrT8C |title=A Handbook of Philippine Folklore |date=2006 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-542-514-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jGssp-oJrT8C&pg=PA147 147] |language=en}}</ref> Wealthy families could preserve transcriptions of the epics as family heirlooms, particularly in Mindanao; the [[Maranao language|Maranao-language]] ''[[Darangen]]'' is an example.<ref>{{cite book|last=Madale |first=Abdullah T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xr8_P6mJ-ZIC |title=The Maranaws, Dwellers of the Lake |date=1997 |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-23-2174-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xr8_P6mJ-ZIC&pg=PA67 67] |language=en}}</ref> === Media === {{main|Mass media in the Philippines|Cinema of the Philippines}} [[File:People's Television Network Logo (2017-present).jpg|thumb|alt=TV network logo, a multicolored triangle|People's Television Network logo]] Philippine media primarily uses Filipino and English, although [[broadcasting]] has shifted to Filipino.<ref name="Brown-Ganguly-2003" /> [[List of Philippine television shows|Television shows]], commercials, and [[Lists of Philippine films|films]] are regulated by the [[Movie and Television Review and Classification Board]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Kitley |editor-first1=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rb2AAgAAQBAJ |title=Television, Regulation and Civil Society in Asia |date=August 29, 2003 |publisher=[[RoutledgeCurzon]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-134-43194-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rb2AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 140] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Deocampo |first=Nick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzaWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT510 |title=Film: American Influences on Philippine Cinema |date=November 9, 2017 |publisher=[[Anvil Publishing, Inc.]] |location=Mandaluyong, Philippines |isbn=978-971-27-2896-9 |language=en |author-link=Nick Deocampo}}</ref> Most Filipinos obtain news and information from television, the Internet,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Lucas |first=Daxim L. |date=September 13, 2011 |title=Filipinos seek info on Web; rich prefer newspapers |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://technology.inquirer.net/4101/filipinos-seek-info-on-web-rich-prefer-newspapers |access-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116070555/http://technology.inquirer.net/4101/filipinos-seek-info-on-web-rich-prefer-newspapers/ |archive-date=November 16, 2011}}</ref> and [[Social media use in the Philippines|social media]].<ref name="CNNPH-SWSFacebook">{{#invoke:cite news||date=June 30, 2019 |title=SWS: Facebook next to TV as Filipinos' top source of news |work=[[CNN Philippines]] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/6/30/facebook-news-source-filipino-adults.html |access-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703110139/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/6/30/facebook-news-source-filipino-adults.html |archive-date=July 3, 2019}}</ref> The country's flagship state-owned broadcast-television network is the [[People's Television Network]] (PTV).<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=PTV 4 |url=https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/outlet/ptv-4/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207200937/https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/outlet/ptv-4/ |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |access-date=February 28, 2023 |website=Media Ownership Monitor |publisher=MOM Team, [[VERA Files]], [[Reporters Without Borders]], Global Media Registry}}</ref> [[ABS-CBN]] and [[GMA Network|GMA]], both [[free-to-air]], were the dominant TV networks;<ref name="BBC-Philippines-Profile">{{#invoke:cite web||date=July 4, 2022 |title=Philippines country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15521300 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209103826/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15521300 |archive-date=February 9, 2023 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |at=Media}}</ref> before the May 2020 [[ABS-CBN franchise renewal controversy|expiration of ABS-CBN's franchise]], it was the country's largest network.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Gutierrez |first=Jason |date=July 10, 2020 |title=Philippine Congress officially shuts down leading broadcaster |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/10/world/asia/philippines-congress-media-duterte-abs-cbn.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710111029/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/10/world/asia/philippines-congress-media-duterte-abs-cbn.html |archive-date=July 10, 2020}}</ref> [[Philippine television drama]]s, known as {{lang|fil|teleserye}}s and mainly produced by [[List of ABS-CBN original drama series|ABS-CBN]] and [[List of GMA Network original drama series|GMA]], are also seen in several other countries.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Achenbach |editor-first1=Ruth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_b_DwAAQBAJ |title=Afrasian Transformations: Transregional Perspectives on Development Cooperation, Social Mobility, and Cultural Change |series=Africa-Europe Group for Interdisciplinary Studies |volume=20 |date=2020 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands|isbn=978-90-04-42526-2 |editor-last2=Beek |editor-first2=Jan |editor-last3=Karugia |editor-first3=John Njenga |editor-last4=Mageza-Barthel |editor-first4=Rirhandu |editor-last5=Schulze-Engler |editor-first5=Frank |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=g_b_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA256 256] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Soliman |first1=Michelle Anne P. |date=April 10, 2022 |title=Pinoy teleseryes gain global following amid coronavirus pandemic |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/04/11/441537/pinoy-teleseryes-gain-global-following-amid-coronavirus-pandemic/ |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410182249/https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/04/11/441537/pinoy-teleseryes-gain-global-following-amid-coronavirus-pandemic/ |archive-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref> Local film-making [[List of Philippine films before 1940|began in 1919]] with the release of the first Filipino-produced [[feature film]]: {{lang|fil|[[Dalagang Bukid]]}} (''A Girl from the Country''), directed by [[José Nepomuceno|Jose Nepomuceno]].<ref name="Armes-1987" /><ref name="Tofighian-2006" />{{rp|page=8}} [[List of Philippine film studios|Production companies]] remained small during the [[silent film]] era, but sound films and larger productions emerged in 1933. The postwar 1940s to the early 1960s are considered a high point for Philippine cinema. The 1962–1971 decade saw a decline in quality films, although the commercial film industry expanded until the 1980s.<ref name="Armes-1987" /> Critically acclaimed Philippine films include {{lang|fil|[[Himala]]}} (''Miracle'') and {{lang|es|[[Oro, Plata, Mata]]}} (''Gold, Silver, Death''), both released in 1982.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=San Diego |first=Bayani Jr. |date=August 5, 2012 |title=Restoring Himala |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=http://entertainment.inquirer.net/52959/restoring-himala |access-date=October 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806083921/http://entertainment.inquirer.net/52959/restoring-himala |archive-date=August 6, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Plaza |first=Gerry |date=August 16, 2012 |title=May Himala! Restored film proves real global classic |work=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Philippines OMG!]] |url=http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/blogs/omgphnewsblog/may-himala-restored-film-proves-real-global-classic-013358351.html |access-date=October 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820024727/http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/blogs/omgphnewsblog/may-himala-restored-film-proves-real-global-classic-013358351.html |archive-date=August 20, 2012}}</ref> Since the turn of the 21st century, the country's film industry has struggled to compete with larger-budget foreign films<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=February 16, 2012 |title=Philippine film industry in decline |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/30455/philippine-film-industry-in-decline |access-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218044638/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/30455/philippine-film-industry-in-decline |archive-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref> (particularly [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood films]]).<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Conde |first=Carlos H. |date=February 11, 2007 |title=A bleak storyline for the Filipino film industry |work=[[International Herald Tribune]] |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/11/yourmoney/movies12.php |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213070634/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/11/yourmoney/movies12.php |archive-date=February 13, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Malasig |first=Jeline |date=February 8, 2019 |title='We need resuscitation': Erik Matti laments state of local film industry |work=[[InterAksyon]] |url=https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2019/02/08/143748/erik-matti-state-philippine-movie-industry-facebook-post/ |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028083919/https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2019/02/08/143748/erik-matti-state-philippine-movie-industry-facebook-post/ |archive-date=October 28, 2020}}</ref> [[Art film]]s have thrived, however, and several [[Philippine New Wave|indie film]]s have been successful domestically and abroad.<ref name="Forbes-CinemaGrowingFast">{{#invoke:cite news||last=Ramoran-Malasig |first=Carol |date=March 1, 2018 |title=Philippine Cinema Is Growing Fast, And Is Moving Away From Typical Themes Of Poverty And Violence |language=en |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/cmalasig/2018/03/01/philippine-cinema-more-than-poverty-porn-violence/?sh=726667123b5d |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230209153113/https://www.forbes.com/sites/cmalasig/2018/03/01/philippine-cinema-more-than-poverty-porn-violence/?sh=158d8b1a3b5d |archive-date=February 9, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Lim |editor-first1=David C. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2aLEAAAQBAJ |title=Film in Contemporary Southeast Asia: Cultural Interpretation and Social Intervention |editor-last2=Yamamoto |editor-first2=Hiroyuki |date=March 12, 2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-136-59247-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=s2aLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Endo |first=Jun |date=April 29, 2019 |title=Philippine film foundation flipped the script for a 'dead' industry |work=[[Nikkei Asia]] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Nikkei-Asia-Prizes/Philippine-film-foundation-flipped-the-script-for-a-dead-industry |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428180208/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Nikkei-Asia-Prizes/Philippine-film-foundation-flipped-the-script-for-a-dead-industry |archive-date=April 28, 2019}}</ref> The Philippines has a large number of [[List of radio stations in the Philippines|radio stations]] and [[List of newspapers in the Philippines|newspapers]].<ref name="BBC-Philippines-Profile" /> English [[broadsheet]]s are popular among executives, professionals and students.<ref name="Thompson-2003" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1h9oF9rj-MC&pg=PA233|name=233–251}}}} Less-expensive Tagalog [[tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]]s, which grew during the 1990s, are popular (particularly in Manila);<ref>{{cite book|last=Kusaka |first=Wataru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hb7WDgAAQBAJ |title=Moral Politics in the Philippines: Inequality, Democracy and the Urban Poor |series=Kyoto-CSEAS Series on Asian Studies |date=2017 |publisher=[[NUS Press]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-4722-38-4 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hb7WDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 63–65]}}</ref> however, overall newspaper readership is declining in favor of [[Social media as a news source|online news]].<ref name="CNNPH-SWSFacebook" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Mirasol |first1=Patricia B. |title=More smartphone-dependent Filipinos seek news on social media — Reuters report |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/world/2021/06/30/379239/more-smartphone-dependent-filipinos-seek-news-on-social-media-reuters-report/ |access-date=December 21, 2023 |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=June 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524140112/https://www.bworldonline.com/world/2021/06/30/379239/more-smartphone-dependent-filipinos-seek-news-on-social-media-reuters-report/ |archive-date=May 24, 2022}}</ref> The top three newspapers, by nationwide readership and credibility,<ref name="Thompson-2003" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VI9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA233|name=233}}}} are the ''[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]'', ''[[Manila Bulletin]]'', and ''[[The Philippine Star]]''.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Bautista |editor-first1=Ma. Lourdes S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YnUgBAAAQBAJ |title=Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary Perspectives |series=Asian Englishes Today |editor-last2=Bolton |editor-first2=Kingsley |date=November 2008 |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |location=Hong Kong, China |isbn=978-962-209-947-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YnUgBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 53]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Diaz |first1=Manuel O. Jr. |title=Sentiment Polarity Identification in Banner Headlines of Broadsheets in the Philippines |journal=Asian Journal of Media and Communication |date=December 2021 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=102, 108–109 |url=https://journal.uii.ac.id/AJMC/article/download/20642/11986/61543 |access-date=April 30, 2023 |publisher=[[Universitas Islam Indonesia]] |doi=10.20885/asjmc.vol5.iss2.art1 |s2cid=260224724 |issn=2579-6119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430013654/https://journal.uii.ac.id/AJMC/article/download/20642/11986/61543 |archive-date=April 30, 2023|doi-access=free}}</ref> Although [[freedom of the press]] is protected by the constitution,<ref>{{Cite constitution| |article=III |section=4 |polity=the Philippines |date=1987 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-iii/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613221225/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-iii/ |archive-date=June 13, 2017 |access-date=February 27, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref> the country was listed as the seventh-most-dangerous country for journalists in 2022 by the [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] due to 13 unsolved murders of journalists.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Subingsubing |first1=Krixia |last2=Santos |first2=Tina G. |date=November 4, 2022 |title=PH still among most dangerous countries for journalists |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1689131/ph-still-among-the-most-dangerous-countries-for-journalists |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103225817/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1689131/ph-still-among-the-most-dangerous-countries-for-journalists |archive-date=November 3, 2022}}</ref> The Philippine population are the world's top Internet users.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Lamb |first=Kate |date=February 1, 2019 |title=Philippines tops world internet usage index with an average 10 hours a day |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/feb/01/world-internet-usage-index-philippines-10-hours-a-day |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201095445/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/feb/01/world-internet-usage-index-philippines-10-hours-a-day |archive-date=February 1, 2019}}</ref> In early 2021, 67 percent of Filipinos (73.91 million) had Internet access; the overwhelming majority used [[smartphone]]s.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Magahis |first1=Coleen |last2=Santua |first2=James |date=June 18, 2021 |title=Filipinos' reliance on internet at an all-time high |work=[[Manila Standard]] |url=https://manilastandard.net/spotlight/ph-best-communication-service-providers/357427/filipinos-reliance-on-internet-at-an-all-time-high.html |access-date=November 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618192106/https://manilastandard.net/spotlight/ph-best-communication-service-providers/357427/filipinos-reliance-on-internet-at-an-all-time-high.html |archive-date=June 18, 2021}}</ref> The Philippines ranked 56th on the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023,<ref>{{cite report|editor-last1=Dutta |editor-first1=Soumitra |editor-last2=Lanvin |editor-first2=Bruno |editor-last3=León |editor-first3=Lorena Rivera |editor-last4=Wunsch-Vincent |editor-first4=Sacha |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-2000-2023-en-main-report-global-innovation-index-2023-16th-edition.pdf |title=Global Innovation Index 2023: Innovation in the face of uncertainty |edition=16th |date=2023 |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |doi=10.34667/tind.48220 |isbn=978-92-805-3320-0 |location=Geneva, Switzerland |page=58 |access-date=October 4, 2023 |doi-access=free |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928035340/https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-2000-2023-en-main-report-global-innovation-index-2023-16th-edition.pdf |archive-date=September 28, 2023 |editor-link1=Soumitra Dutta |editor-link2=Bruno Lanvin |author1=(:Unas) }}</ref> up from its 2014 ranking of 100th.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Remo |first=Amy R. |date=July 19, 2014 |title=PH drops 10 places in global innovation rankings |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://business.inquirer.net/174932/ph-drops-10-places-in-global-innovation-rankings |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815115107/https://business.inquirer.net/174932/ph-drops-10-places-in-global-innovation-rankings |archive-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> === Cuisine === {{main|Filipino cuisine}} [[File:Fish sinigang.jpg|thumb|alt=Chunky soup in a white bowl|A bowl of fish ''[[sinigang]]'']] From its Malayo-Polynesian origins, traditional Philippine cuisine has evolved since the 16th century. It was primarily influenced by Hispanic, [[Filipino Chinese cuisine|Chinese]], and [[American cuisine|American]] cuisines, which were adapted to the Filipino palate.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Roufs |first1=Timothy G. |last2=Roufs |first2=Kathleen Smyth |encyclopedia=Sweet Treats around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture |title=The Philippines |date=July 29, 2014 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-221-2 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=M_eCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA267 267–268] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_eCBAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Alejandro |first=Reynaldo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUaDoUF0tRwC |title=The Philippine Cookbook |date=1985 |publisher=[[Perigee Books]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-399-51144-8 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HUaDoUF0tRwC&pg=PA12 12–14] |language=en}}</ref> Filipinos tend to prefer robust flavors,<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=De Meester |editor-first1=Fabien |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPXurhDHsT4C |title=Wild-type Food in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: The Columbus Concept |date=January 23, 2008 |publisher=[[Humana Press]] |location=Totowa, N.J. |isbn=978-1-59745-330-1 |editor-last2=Watson |editor-first2=Ronald Ross |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kPXurhDHsT4C&pg=PA530 530]}}</ref> centered on sweet, salty, and sour combinations.<ref name="Aquino-Porter-2022">{{cite book|editor-last1=Aquino |editor-first1=Richard S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldCPEAAAQBAJ |title=Tourism in the Philippines: Applied Management Perspectives |series=Perspectives on Asian Tourism |editor-last2=Porter |editor-first2=Brooke A. |date=2022 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-4497-0}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldCPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|name=88}}}} Regional variations exist throughout the country; rice is the general staple [[Starch#Food|starch]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Narvaez-Soriano |first=Nora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pqBX_CDwVKsC |title=A Guide to Food Selection, Preparation and Preservation |edition=Revised |date=1994 |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-23-0114-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pqBX_CDwVKsC&pg=PA120 120] |language=en}}</ref> but [[Cassava-based dishes|cassava]] is more common in parts of Mindanao.<ref>{{cite report|type=Conference proceeding |editor-last1=Howeler |editor-first=R. H. |editor-last2=Kawano |editor-first2=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JlrDyj0LRgQC |title=Cassava Breeding and Agronomy Research in Asia: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop Held in Rayong, Thailand, Oct. 26–28, 1987 |date=1988 |publisher=[[International Center for Tropical Agriculture|CIAT]] |location=Cali, Colombia |oclc=19544717 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JlrDyj0LRgQC&pg=PA261 261] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |type=Conference proceeding |last1=Bacusmo |first1=Jose L. |editor-last1=Howeler |editor-first1=Reinhardt H. |editor-last2=Tan |editor-first2=Swee Lian |title=Cassava's Potential in Asia in the 21st Century: Present Situation and Future Research and Development Needs: Proceedings of the Sixth Regional Workshop held in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Feb. 21–25, 2000 |date=2001 |publisher=[[International Center for Tropical Agriculture|CIAT Cassava Office for Asia]] |location=Bangkok, Thailand |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |oclc=49746198 |page=87 |url=https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/56519/cassavas_potential_in_asia.pdf?sequence=1#page=92 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811055627/https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/56519/cassavas_potential_in_asia.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=August 11, 2017 |chapter=Status and Potentials of the Philippines Cassava Industry |via=CGSpace}}</ref> [[Philippine adobo|Adobo]] is the unofficial national dish.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zibart |first=Eve |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MEfv2p2JP4C&pg=PT313 |title=The Ethnic Food Lover's Companion: Understanding the Cuisines of the World |date=February 1, 2010 |publisher=Menasha Ridge Press |location=Birmingham, Ala. |isbn=978-0-89732-775-6 |language=en}}</ref> Other [[List of Philippine dishes|popular dishes]] include ''[[lechón]]'', ''[[kare-kare]]'', ''[[sinigang]]'',<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Cator |first=Currie |date=January 29, 2022 |title=Sinigang is world's best soup again; Lumpia among top side dishes |work=[[CNN Philippines]] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/lifestyle/2022/1/29/Sinigang-Lumpia-Taste-Atlas-Awards-2021.html |access-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129105341/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/lifestyle/2022/1/29/Sinigang-Lumpia-Taste-Atlas-Awards-2021.html |archive-date=January 29, 2022}}</ref> ''[[pancit]]'', ''[[lumpia]]'', and ''[[arroz caldo]]''.<ref name="Anderson-2018">{{cite book|last1=Anderson |first1=E. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A5C8DwAAQBAJ |title=Asian Cuisines: Food Culture from East Asia to Turkey and Afghanistan |last2=Buell |first2=Paul D. |last3=Goldstein |first3=Darra |editor-last1=Christensen |editor-first1=Karen |date=2018 |publisher=[[Berkshire Publishing Group]] |location=Great Barrington, Mass. |isbn=978-1-61472-846-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=A5C8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 80] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Zhao |editor-first1=Xiaojian |editor-last2=Park |editor-first2=Edward J. W. |encyclopedia=Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History |volume=I: A–F |title=Filipino Cuisine in the United States |date=November 26, 2013 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-59884-240-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3AxIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA409 409] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AxIAgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Cheung |editor-first1=Sidney |editor-last2=Wu |editor-first2=David Y. H. |title=Globalization of Chinese Food |date= 2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-136-00294-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3qrfsWaV5j0C&pg=PA186 186] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3qrfsWaV5j0C|language=en}}</ref> [[List of Philippine desserts|Traditional desserts]] are {{lang|fil|kakanin}} ([[rice cake]]s), which include ''[[puto (food)|puto]]'', ''[[suman (food)|suman]]'', and ''[[bibingka]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=De Villa |first1=Bianca Denise M. |last2=Domingo |first2=Thea Mari M. |last3=Ramirez |first3=Rhema Jenica C. |last4=Mercado |first4=Jame Monren T. |title=Explicating the culinary heritage significance of Filipino kakanin using bibliometrics (1934–2018) |journal=International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science |date=June 2022 |volume=28 |doi=10.1016/j.ijgfs.2022.100522 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1878450X22000579 |access-date=April 30, 2023 |at=Abstract; Selection and study site; Findings |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |s2cid=247901604 |issn=1878-450X |via=[[ScienceDirect]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Ang |editor-first1=Catharina Y. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4cTXJYTE4QC |title=Asian Foods: Science and Technology |editor-last2=Liu |editor-first2=Keshun |editor-last3=Huang |editor-first3=Yao-Wen |date=April 5, 1999 |publisher=Technomic Publishing Co. |location=Lancaster, Pa. |isbn=978-1-56676-736-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=C4cTXJYTE4QC&pg=PA474 474] |language=en}}</ref> Ingredients such as [[calamansi]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Ling |editor-first1=Huping |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PFnBwAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Asian American History and Culture: An Encyclopedia |title=Restaurants and Cuisine, Filipino American |editor-last2=Austin |editor-first2=Allan W. |date=2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-317-47645-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0PFnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA303 303] |language=en |editor-link1=Huping Ling}}</ref> ''[[Ube halaya|ube]]'',<ref>{{cite book|last=Manabat |first=Rudolf Vincent T. |title=Baking Secrets |date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=[[Anvil Publishing, Inc.]] |location=Mandaluyong, Philippines |isbn=978-971-27-3623-0 |language=en |chapter=Filipino Desserts |access-date=March 10, 2023 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ub9DwAAQBAJ |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ub9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT68}}</ref> and ''[[Canarium ovatum|pili]]'' are used in Filipino desserts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Duke |first=James A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va3ED4zwXGIC |title=Handbook of Nuts |series=Herbal Reference Library |date=November 10, 2000 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |location=Boca Raton, Fla. |isbn=978-0-8493-3637-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Va3ED4zwXGIC&pg=PA67 67] |language=en |author-link1=James A. Duke}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=July 13, 2017 |title=Pili—The Delicious, Healthy Nut You've Never Heard Of |work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/pili-nuts-what-you-need-to-know |access-date=March 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714040519/https://www.vogue.com/article/pili-nuts-what-you-need-to-know |archive-date=July 14, 2017}}</ref> The generous use of [[Philippine condiments|condiments]] such as ''[[patis (sauce)|patis]]'', ''[[bagoong]]'', and ''[[Soy sauce#Filipino|toyo]]'' impart a distinctive Philippine flavor.<ref name="Anderson-2018" /><ref name="Aquino-Porter-2022" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldCPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|name=73}}}} Unlike other East or Southeast Asian countries, most Filipinos do not eat with [[chopsticks]]; they use spoons and forks.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cruz |first1=Gemma Tulud |title=An Intercultural Theology of Migration: Pilgrims in the Wilderness |date=2010 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-19367-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NOF5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 22–23] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOF5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |language=en |location=Leiden, Netherlands}}</ref> Traditional eating with the fingers<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Lowry |first=Dave |date=January 6, 2016 |title=Hand-to-Mouth Combat: Experiencing a Kamayan Dinner at Hiro Asian Kitchen |work=[[St. Louis Magazine]] |url=https://www.stlmag.com/dining/hand-to-mouth-combat-experiencing-a-kamayan-dinner-at-hiro-asian-kitchen/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011949/https://www.stlmag.com/dining/hand-to-mouth-combat-experiencing-a-kamayan-dinner-at-hiro-asian-kitchen/ |archive-date=November 7, 2017}}</ref> (known as {{lang|fil|[[kamayan]]}}) had been used in less urbanized areas,<ref>{{cite book|last=Zibart |first=Eve |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicfoodlovers0000ziba |title=The Ethnic Food Lover's Companion: Understanding the Cuisines of the World |publisher=Menasha Ridge Press |location=Birmingham, Ala. |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-89732-372-7 |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6vTun3i4NQC&pg=PA266|name=266–268, <!--Estimate--> 277}}}} but has been popularized with the introduction of Filipino food to foreigners and city residents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bender |first1=Daniel E. |last2=De Leon |first2=Adrian |title=Everybody was boodle fighting: military histories, culinary tourism, and diasporic dining |journal=[[Food, Culture & Society]] |publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]] |date=January 2018 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=36–37 |doi=10.1080/15528014.2017.1398469 |s2cid=158465429 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321976928 |access-date=June 21, 2023 |issn=1552-8014 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Alejandro |first=Reynaldo G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IzXRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT35 |title=Authentic Recipes from the Philippines: 81 Easy and Delicious Recipes from the Pearl of the Orient |date=March 13, 2012 |publisher=[[Periplus Editions]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-1-4629-0533-1}}</ref> === Sports and recreation === {{Main|Sports in the Philippines|Traditional games in the Philippines}} [[File:Gilas Cadets 2015 SEA Games.jpg|thumb|alt=Team photo, with each blue-uniformed member wearing a gold medal|The [[Philippines men's national basketball team]] celebrating their [[Basketball at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games|2015 Southeast Asian Games]] championship]] [[Basketball in the Philippines|Basketball]], played at the amateur and professional levels, is considered the country's most popular sport.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Cho |editor-first1=Younghan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYz7CwAAQBAJ |title=Modern Sports in Asia: Cultural Perspectives |series=Sport in the Global Society – Contemporary Perspectives |editor-last2=Leary |editor-first2=Charles |date=2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-317-58638-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DYz7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 87]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Grasso |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZUarsZyzokC |encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Basketball |series=Historical Dictionaries of Sports |volume=2 |title=Philippines |date=November 15, 2010 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-0-8108-7506-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nZUarsZyzokC&pg=PA291 291] |language=en}}</ref> Other popular sports include [[History of boxing in the Philippines|boxing]] and billiards, boosted by the achievements of [[Manny Pacquiao]] and [[Efren Reyes]].<ref name="Rood-2019" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmmtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142|name=142}}}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Himmer |first=Alastair |date=June 5, 2010 |title=Pacquiao named fighter of the decade |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6541BX20100605 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605173159/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6541BX20100605 |archive-date=June 5, 2010}}</ref> The national [[Filipino martial arts|martial art]] is [[Arnis]].<ref>{{Cite PH act |title=An Act Declaring Arnis as the National Martial Art and Sport of the Philippines |chamber=RA |number=9850 |date=December 11, 2009 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2009/12/11/republic-act-no-9850/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810035837/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2009/12/11/republic-act-no-9850/ |archive-date=August 10, 2017 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |publisher=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |location=Metro Manila, Philippines}}</ref> {{lang|fil|Sabong}} ([[cockfight]]ing) is popular entertainment, especially among Filipino men, and was documented by the [[Magellan expedition]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Dundes |editor-first1=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy5VqKSYt8IC |title=The Cockfight: A Casebook |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |location=Madison, Wis. |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-299-14054-0 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy5VqKSYt8IC&pg=PA136 136–137] |author-link1=Alan Dundes}}</ref> [[Video games in the Philippines|Video gaming]] and [[Esports in the Philippines|esports]] are emerging pastimes,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Lojo |first1=Michelle |title=Philippine esports gains traction in 2022 |url=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/12/29/2234051/philippine-esports-gains-traction-2022 |access-date=April 15, 2023 |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=December 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410070659/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/12/29/2234051/philippine-esports-gains-traction-2022 |archive-date=April 10, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Booc-2019">{{cite journal|last1=Booc |first1=Rahmat P. |last2=Rafaela |first2=Kimberson B. |last3=Torres |first3=Mae J. |last4=Bulawan |first4=Rina P. |last5=Jabonero |first5=Louis C. Ii |last6=Cortuna |first6=Ian Jay M. |last7=Asuncion |first7=Joel E. |title=The Traditional Filipino Games: Status Check Among Generation Z |journal=Theoretical & Applied Science |publisher=International Academy of Theoretical and Applied Sciences |date=October 30, 2019 |volume=78 |issue=10 |pages=150–152 |doi=10.15863/TAS.2019.10.78.25 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337123610 |access-date=April 15, 2023 |issn=2409-0085 |doi-access=free |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> with the popularity of [[Traditional games in the Philippines|indigenous games]] such as ''[[patintero]]'', ''[[tumbang preso]]'', ''[[luksong tinik]]'', and ''[[Piko (Filipino game)|piko]]'' declining among young people;<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gutierrez |first1=Ariel |last2=Guzman |first2=Neriza G. |last3=Ramos |first3=Ramilet |last4=Uylengco |first4=Jan Katherine A. |title=The Empirical Change of Playing Habits among Children |journal=International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research |publisher=Future Science |date=February 25, 2022 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=306–309, 311–315 |doi=10.11594/ijmaber.03.02.15|url=https://ijmaberjournal.org/index.php/ijmaber/article/view/344/189 |access-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308065439/https://ijmaberjournal.org/index.php/ijmaber/article/view/344/189 |archive-date=March 8, 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Booc-2019" /> several bills have been filed to preserve and promote traditional games.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Crisostomo |first1=Sheila |title=Lawmaker files bill on preserving 'indigenous' games |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/02/05/2242685/lawmaker-files-bill-preserving-indigenous-games |access-date=April 15, 2023 |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204165326/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/02/05/2242685/lawmaker-files-bill-preserving-indigenous-games |archive-date=February 4, 2023}}</ref> The [[Philippines national football team|men's national football team]] has participated in one [[2019 AFC Asian Cup|Asian Cup]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Leongson |first=Randolph B. |date=March 27, 2018 |title=History made as PH Azkals advance to 2019 AFC Asian Cup after beating Tajiks |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://sports.inquirer.net/290641/ph-azkals-advance-2019-afc-asia-cup-beating-tajiks |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034121/https://sports.inquirer.net/290641/ph-azkals-advance-2019-afc-asia-cup-beating-tajiks |archive-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref> The [[Philippines women's national football team|women's national football team]] qualified for the [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup]], their first [[FIFA Women's World Cup|World Cup]], in January 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Morales |first=Luisa |date=January 31, 2022 |title=Herstory: Filipinas outlast Chinese Taipei to seize historic Women's World Cup berth |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/01/31/2157582/herstory-filipinas-outlast-chinese-taipei-seize-historic-womens-world-cup-berth |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130170703/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/01/31/2157582/herstory-filipinas-outlast-chinese-taipei-seize-historic-womens-world-cup-berth |archive-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref> The Philippines has participated in every [[Summer Olympic Games]] since [[Philippines at the 1924 Summer Olympics|1924]], except when they supported the [[1980 Summer Olympics boycott|American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Grasso |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCN1CQAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement |edition=Fifth |title=Philippines, The (PHI) |last2=Mallon |first2=Bill |last3=Heijmans |first3=Jeroen |date=May 14, 2015 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-1-4422-4860-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uCN1CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA473 473] |author-link2=Bill Mallon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |type=Periodical |publisher=[[United States Department of State]], [[Bureau of African Affairs]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAFJAQAAIAAJ |magazine=AF Press Clips |title=U.S. says 60 nations will join boycott |date=1980 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DAFJAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA19-PA24 24]}}</ref> It was the first [[Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics|tropical nation]] to compete at the [[Winter Olympic Games]], [[Philippines at the 1972 Winter Olympics|debuting in 1972]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Chia |first=Nicole |date=February 19, 2018 |title=Winter Olympics: Even outsiders can break the ice |work=[[The Straits Times]] |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/even-outsiders-can-break-the-ice |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224080645/https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/even-outsiders-can-break-the-ice |archive-date=February 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/orw1972.pdf |title=The XI Olympic Winter Games; Les XI Jeux Olympiques d'hiver; Sapporo, 1972 |type=Official report |publisher=The Organizing Committee for the XIth Olympic Winter Games |year=1973 |pages=32, 145, 447 |oclc=842416 |access-date=January 31, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226202605/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/orw1972.pdf |archive-date=February 26, 2008 |via=[[LA84 Foundation]]}}</ref> In 2021, the Philippines received its first-ever Olympic gold medal with [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifter]] [[Hidilyn Diaz]]'s victory in [[2020 Summer Olympics|Tokyo]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Araullo |first1=Atom |author-link1=Atom Araullo |date=November 4, 2021 |title=Anatomy of Philippines' first Olympic gold medal |url=https://pcij.org/article/7371/anatomy-of-philippines-first-olympic-gold-medal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104071057/https://pcij.org/article/7371/anatomy-of-philippines-first-olympic-gold-medal |archive-date=November 4, 2021 |publisher=[[Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism]] |access-date=April 23, 2023}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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