Evolution Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! === Middle Ages === In contrast to these [[Materialism|materialistic]] views, [[Aristotelianism]] had considered all natural things as [[potentiality and actuality|actualisations]] of fixed natural possibilities, known as [[Theory of forms|forms]].<ref name="Torrey37">{{cite journal |last1=Torrey |first1=Harry Beal |last2=Felin |first2=Frances |date=March 1937 |title=Was Aristotle an Evolutionist? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1937-03_12_1/page/1 |journal=[[The Quarterly Review of Biology]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1β18 |doi=10.1086/394520 |issn=0033-5770 |jstor=2808399|s2cid=170831302 }}</ref><ref name="Hull67">{{cite journal |last=Hull |first=David L. |author-link=David Hull (philosopher) |date=December 1967 |title=The Metaphysics of Evolution |journal=[[The British Journal for the History of Science]] |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] on behalf of [[British Society for the History of Science|The British Society for the History of Science]] |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=309β337 |doi=10.1017/S0007087400002892 |jstor=4024958|s2cid=170328394 }}</ref> This became part of a medieval [[teleology|teleological]] understanding of [[Nature (philosophy)|nature]] in which all things have an intended role to play in a [[divinity|divine]] [[cosmos|cosmic]] order. Variations of this idea became the standard understanding of the [[Middle Ages]] and were integrated into Christian learning, but Aristotle did not demand that real types of organisms always correspond one-for-one with exact metaphysical forms and specifically gave examples of how new types of living things could come to be.<ref>{{harvnb|Mason|1962|pp=43β44}}</ref> A number of Arab Muslim scholars wrote about evolution, most notably [[Ibn Khaldun]], who wrote the book ''[[Muqaddimah]]'' in 1377 AD, in which he asserted that humans developed from "the world of the monkeys", in a process by which "species become more numerous".<ref name=kiros>Kiros, Teodros. ''Explorations in African Political Thought''. 2001, page 55</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page