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Do not fill this in! ==Art and architecture== {{Main|Jain art}} {{Multiple images | image1 = Detail of a leaf with the birth of mahavira.jpg | caption1 = The birth of Mahavira, from the ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]'' (c.{{nbsp}}1375–1400 CE) | image2 = "Sihanamdika ayagapata", Jain votive plate, Kankali Tila, Mathura dated 25-50 CE.jpg | caption2 = [[Ayagapata|Sihanamdika ayagapata]], 25–50 CE, [[Kankali Tila]], Mathura, [[Uttar Pradesh]] | image3 = KHANDAGIRI AND UDAYGIRI Cave Inscriptions 1.jpg | caption3 = Inscriptions at a [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Udaygiri-Khandagiri]] 2nd–1st-century BCE Jain rock cut cave, [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_orissa_udaigiricaves.asp |title=Udaygiri and Khandagiri Caves |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029012248/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_orissa_udaigiricaves.asp |archive-date=29 October 2015 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]], [[Government of India]] |access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref> | total_width = 500 }} Jainism has contributed significantly to Indian art and architecture. Jain arts depict life legends of ''tirthankara'' or other important people, particularly with them in a seated or standing meditative posture. ''Yakshas'' and ''[[yakshini]]s'', attendant spirits who guard the ''tirthankara'', are usually shown with them.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|1998|p=184}} The earliest known Jain image is in the [[Patna]] museum. It is dated approximately to the third century BCE.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|1998|p=184}} Bronze images of Pārśva can be seen in the Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai, and in the Patna museum; these are dated to the second century BCE.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=95}} ''Ayagapata'' is a type of [[votive]] tablet used in Jainism for donation and worship in the early centuries. These tablets are decorated with objects and designs central to Jain worship such as the ''[[stupa]]'', ''[[dharmacakra]]'' and ''[[triratna]]''. They present simultaneous trends or image and symbol worship. Numerous such stone tablets were discovered during excavations at ancient Jain sites like [[Kankali Tila]] near [[Mathura]] in Uttar Pradesh, India. The practice of donating these tablets is documented from first century BCE to the third century CE.{{sfn|Kishore|2015|pp=17–43}}{{sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|pp=9–10}} ''[[Samavasarana]]'', a preaching hall of ''tirthankaras'' with various beings concentrically placed, is an important theme of Jain art.{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=184}} [[File:Kirti Stambha (Tower of Fame) (4571936260).jpg|thumb|[[Kirti Stambh]] in [[Chittor Fort]], 12th Century CE]] The [[Kirti Stambh|Jain tower in Chittor]], Rajasthan, is a good example of Jain architecture.{{sfn|Owen|2012a|pp=1–2}} Decorated manuscripts are preserved in Jain libraries, containing diagrams from Jain cosmology.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|1998|p=183}} Most of the paintings and illustrations depict historical events, known as ''Panch Kalyanaka'', from the life of the ''tirthankara''. Rishabha, the first ''tirthankara'', is usually depicted in either the [[lotus position]] or ''kayotsarga'', the standing position. He is distinguished from other ''tirthankara'' by the long locks of hair falling to his shoulders. Bull images also appear in his sculptures.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|1998|p=113}} In paintings, incidents from his life, like his marriage and [[Indra]] marking his forehead, are depicted. Other paintings show him presenting a pottery bowl to his followers; he is also seen painting a house, weaving, and being visited by his mother Marudevi.{{sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|p=16}} Each of the twenty-four ''tirthankara'' is associated with distinctive emblems, which are listed in such texts as ''Tiloyapannati'', ''Kahavaali'' and ''Pravacanasaarodhara''.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|1998|p=187}} ===Temples=== {{Main|Jain temple}} {{Major Jain temples}} A Jain temple, a ''Derasar'' or ''Basadi'', is a [[place of worship]].{{sfn|Babb|1996|p=66}} Temples contain ''tirthankara'' images, some fixed, others moveable.{{sfn|Babb|1996|p=66}} These are stationed in the inner sanctum, one of the two sacred zones, the other being the main hall.{{sfn|Babb|1996|p=66}} One of the images is marked as the ''moolnayak'' (primary deity).{{sfn|Babb|1996|p=68}} A ''[[manastambha]]'' (column of honor) is a pillar that is often constructed in front of Jain temples.{{sfn|Settar|1989|p=195}} Temple construction is considered a meritorious act.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=188}} Ancient Jain monuments include the Udaigiri Hills near Bhelsa ([[Vidisha]]) and [[Pataini temple]] in Madhya Pradesh, the [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]] in Maharashtra, the [[Palitana temples]] in Gujarat, and the Jain temples at Dilwara Temples near [[Mount Abu]], Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite web |last=Barik |first=Bibhuti |title=Plan to beautify Khandagiri – Monument revamp to attract more tourists |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150623/jsp/odisha/story_27206.jsp |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=23 June 2015 |location=[[Bhubaneswar]] |access-date=16 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223232545/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150623/jsp/odisha/story_27206.jsp |archive-date=23 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Cunningham | first=Alexander | author-link=Alexander Cunningham | title=Report of a Tour in the Central Provinces in 1873–74 and 1874–75 | volume=9 | series=Archaeological Survey of India | publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing | year=1879 | url={{Google books|X88OAAAAQAAJ|page=31|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | page=31 }}</ref> [[Ranakpur Jain temple|Chaumukha temple]] in [[Ranakpur]] is considered one of the most beautiful Jain temples and is famous for its detailed carvings.{{sfn|Sehdev Kumar|2001|p=106}} According to Jain texts, [[Shikharji]] is the place where twenty of the twenty-four Jain ''Tīrthaṅkaras'' along with many other monks attained ''moksha'' (died without being reborn, with their soul in ''[[Siddhashila]]''). The Shikharji site in northeastern [[Jharkhand]] is therefore a revered pilgrimage site.{{Sfn|Cort|2010|pp=130–133}}{{efn|Some texts refer to the place as Mount Sammeta.{{sfn|Jacobi|1964|p=275}}}} The Palitana temples are the holiest shrine for the Śvētāmbara Murtipujaka sect.{{sfn|Berger|2010|p=352}} Along with Shikharji the two sites are considered the holiest of all pilgrimage sites by the [[Jain community]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/jainism/murti.html |title="Murtipujakas, Jainism", ''Encyclopedia of World Religions'' (PHILTAR)|work=Division of Religion and Philosophy, St Martin's College |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013131021/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/jainism/murti.html |archive-date=13 October 2007 |access-date=13 October 2007}}</ref> The [[Jain complex, Khajuraho]] and [[Pattadakal#Jain Temple|Jain Narayana temple]] are part of a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240 |title= Khajuraho Group of Monuments |publisher= [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Centre]] |access-date= 14 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170218144204/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240/ |archive-date= 18 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/239 |title= Group of Monuments at Pattadakal |publisher= [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Centre]] |access-date= 14 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140326134122/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/239 |archive-date= 26 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shravanabelagola]], [[Saavira Kambada Basadi]] or ''1000 pillars'' and [[Brahma Jinalaya]] are important Jain centers in Karnataka.{{sfn|Butalia|Small|2004|p=367}}{{sfn|Fergusson|1876|p=271}}{{sfn|Pandya|2014|p=17}} In and around [[Madurai]], there are 26 caves, 200 stone beds, 60 inscriptions, and over 100 sculptures.<ref>{{cite web |first=S. S. |last=Kavitha |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/namma-madurai-history-hidden-inside-a-cave/article4051011.ece |title=Namma Madurai: History hidden inside a cave |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 October 2012 |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103053626/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/namma-madurai-history-hidden-inside-a-cave/article4051011.ece |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The second–first century BCE. Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves are rich with carvings of ''tirthanakars'' and deities with inscriptions including the [[Hathigumpha inscription|Elephant Cave inscription]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=alfabetos/dravidi |title=Dravidi Or Kalinga Syllabary |work=proel.org |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201132912/http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=alfabetos%2Fdravidi |archive-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=460}} Jain cave temples at [[Badami cave temples|Badami]], [[Mangi-Tungi]] and the Ellora Caves are considered important.{{sfn|Owen|2012a|p=50}} The [[Sittanavasal Cave]] temple is a fine example of Jain art with an early cave shelter, and a medieval rock-cut temple with excellent fresco paintings comparable to Ajantha. Inside are seventeen stone beds with second century BCE. [[Tamil-Brahmi]] inscriptions.<ref>{{cite web |first=S. S. |last=Kavitha |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/preserving-the-past/article100194.ece |title=Preserving the past |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 February 2010 |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103060244/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/preserving-the-past/article100194.ece |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The eighth century [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds|Kazhugumalai temple]] marks the revival of Jainism in South India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/15/stories/2003091503060500.htm |title=Arittapatti inscription throws light on Jainism |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 September 2003 |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123051449/http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/15/stories/2003091503060500.htm |archive-date=23 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <gallery caption="Jain temples of varied styles in India and abroad"> File:Jain Temple Ranakpur.jpg|[[Ranakpur Jain Temple]] File:Delwada.jpg|[[Dilwara Temples]] File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638423582).jpg|[[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanath Temple]] in [[Khajuraho]] File:Jain temples on Girnar mountain aerial view.jpg|[[Girnar Jain temples]] File:Jal Mandir.The Jain Temple at Pawapur,.jpg|[[Jal Mandir]], [[Pawapuri]] File:Lodurva Temples.jpg|[[Lodhurva Jain temple]] File:Palitana.jpg|[[Palitana temples]] File:1000-Pillar-Temple-Moodbidri-Left-Side-View.JPG|[[Saavira Kambada Basadi]], [[Moodbidri]], [[Karnataka]] File:Templejaindanvers.jpg|[[Jain temple, Antwerp]], [[Belgium]] File:Jain temple at Lakkundi.jpg|[[Brahma Jinalaya]], [[Lakkundi]] File:Sheth_Hutheesinh_Temple.jpg|[[Hutheesing Jain Temple]] <!--Please DO NOT add any more images here, there are QUITE enough already, thanks!--> </gallery> ===Pilgrimages=== {{Main|Tirtha (Jainism)}} [[File:Shikharji Parasnath Giridih.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Shikharji]]]] Jain ''Tirtha'' (pilgrim) sites are divided into the following categories:{{sfn|Titze|1998}} * ''Siddhakshetra''{{snds}}Site of the [[Moksha (Jainism)|''moksha'']] of an ''arihant'' (''kevalin'') or ''tirthankara'', such as: [[Mount Kailash|Ashtapada]] of [[Rishabhanatha]], [[Shikharji]] of 20 [[Tirthankara]], [[Girnar]] of [[Neminatha]], [[Pawapuri]] of [[Mahaveera]], [[Champapuri]] (capital of [[Anga]]) of [[Vasupujya]], [[Mangi-Tungi]] of [[Rama|Ram]], [[Palitana]] of 3 [[Pandavas]]. * ''Atishayakshetra''{{snds}}Locations where divine events are believed to have occurred, such as: [[Mahavirji]], [[Rishabhdeo]], [[Kundalpur]], [[Tijara Jain Temple|Tijara]], and [[Aharji]]. * ''Puranakshetra''{{snds}} Places associated with the lives of great men, such as: [[Ayodhya]], [[Vidisha]], [[Hastinapur]], and [[Rajgir]]. * ''Gyanakshetra''{{snds}} Places associated with famous ''[[acharya]]s'', or centers of learning, such as [[Shravanabelagola]]. Outside contemporary India, Jain communities built [[Nagarparkar Jain Temples|temples]] in locations such as [[Nagarparkar]], [[Sindh]] (Pakistan). However, according to a UNESCO tentative world heritage site application, Nagarparkar was not a "major religious centre or a place of pilgrimage" for Jainism, but it was once an important cultural landscape before "the last remaining Jain community left the area in 1947 at Partition".<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6111/ |title=Nagarparkar Cultural Landscape |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510093259/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6111/ |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=live |work=Tantative Lists |publisher=[[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Centre]]}}</ref> ===Statues and sculptures=== {{Main|Jain sculpture}} [[File:Thirthankara Suparshvanath Museum Rietberg RVI 306.jpg|thumb|upright|Idol of [[Suparśvanātha]] ]] Jain sculptures usually depict one of the twenty-four ''tīrthaṅkaras''; Parshvanatha, Rishabhanatha and Mahāvīra are among the more popular, often seated in [[lotus position]] or ''kayotsarga'', along with ''Arihant'', [[Bahubali]], and protector deities like [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]].{{sfn|Arora|2007|p=405}} Quadruple images are also popular. ''Tirthankar'' idols look similar, differentiated by their individual symbol, except for Parshvanatha whose head is crowned by a snake. Digambara images are naked without any beautification, whereas Śvētāmbara depictions are clothed and ornamented.{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=184}} {{Infobox religious building | name = Gommateshwara<br/>(Bahubali) | religious_affiliation = Jainism | image = Gommateshwara, Shravanabelagola.jpg | alt = Gommateshwara statue ಗೊಮ್ಮಟೇಶ್ವರ | caption = The 58.8ft high monolithic statue of [[Bahubali]] built in 981 CE }} A monolithic, {{convert|18|m|ft|adj=on|abbr=off}} statue of Bahubali, ''[[Gommateshvara]]'', built in 981 CE by the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Ganga]] minister and commander [[Chavundaraya]], is situated on a hilltop in [[Shravanabelagola]] in [[Karnataka]]. This statue was voted first in the SMS poll Seven Wonders of India conducted by ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2256323.cms |title=And India's 7 wonders are... |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 August 2007 |access-date=3 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018033432/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2256323.cms |archive-date=18 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> The {{convert|33|m|ft|adj=on|abbr=off}} tall [[Statue of Ahiṃsā]] (depicting Rishabhanatha) was erected in the [[Nashik district]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/70-crore-plan-for-idol-installation-at-Mangi-Tungi/articleshow/50037188.cms |title=70-crore plan for idol installation at Mangi-Tungi |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 December 2015 |last=Botekar |first=Abhilash |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119161127/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/70-crore-plan-for-idol-installation-at-Mangi-Tungi/articleshow/50037188.cms |archive-date=19 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Idols are often made in ''[[Ashtadhatu]]'' (literally "eight metals"), namely [[Akota Bronze]], [[brass]], [[gold]], [[silver]], stone [[monolith]]s, [[rock cut]], and precious stones.{{sfn|Pratapaditya Pal|1986|p=22}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jais/hd_jais.htm |title=Jain Sculpture |access-date=16 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506060348/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jais/hd_jais.htm |archive-date=6 May 2017 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Symbols=== {{Main|Jain symbols}} {{Multiple image |total_width=275 | image1 = Om jaïn orange.svg | caption1 = [[Om#Jainism|Om in Jainism]] |flag_caption=Flag for Indian Jains | image2 = In-jain.png | caption2 = [[Jain flag]] }} Jain icons and arts incorporate symbols such as the [[swastika]], [[Om#Jainism|''Om'']], and the ''Ashtamangala''. In Jainism, ''Om'' is a condensed reference to the initials "A-A-A-U-M" of the five parameshthis: "''Arihant'', ''[[Ashiri]]'', ''[[Acharya]]'', ''[[Upajjhaya]]'', ''Muni''",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/om.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991001132837/http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/om.html |title=Om – Significance in Jainism |publisher=Department of Computer Science of [[Colorado State University]] |archive-date=October 1, 1999 |access-date=September 23, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=410–411}} or the five lines of the [[Namokara Mantra|''Ṇamōkāra'' Mantra]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} The ''[[Ashtamangala]]'' is a set of eight auspicious symbols:{{sfn|Titze|1998|p=234}} in the Digambara tradition, these are [[chatra (umbrella)|chatra]], ''[[dhvaja]]'', ''[[kalasha]]'', [[fly-whisk]], [[mirror]], chair, [[hand fan]] and vessel. In the Śvētāmbar tradition, they are Swastika, ''[[Srivatsa]]'', ''[[Nandavarta]]'', ''Vardhmanaka'' (food vessel), ''Bhadrasana'' (seat), ''[[Kalasha]]'' (pot), ''Darpan'' (mirror) and pair of fish.{{Sfn|Titze|1998|p=234}} [[File:Stambha of Parshwanath Jain Mandir, Belgachhiya 18.jpg|thumb|A symbol to represent the Jain community was chosen in 1975 as part of the commemoration of the 2,500th anniversary of Mahavira's ''nirvana''.]] The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolizes [[Ahimsa in Jainism|''ahimsā'']]. The wheel represents the ''[[dharmachakra]]'', which stands for the resolve to halt the ''saṃsāra'' (wandering) through the relentless pursuit of ''ahimsā''. The five colours of the [[Jain flag]] represent the ''[[Pañca-Parameṣṭhi]]'' and the five vows.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=iv}} The [[swastika]]'s four arms symbolise the four realms in which rebirth occurs according to Jainism: humans, heavenly beings, hellish beings and non-humans.{{sfn|Cort|2001a|p=17}}{{sfn|Jansma|Jain|2006|p=123}} The three dots on the top represent the three jewels mentioned in ancient texts: correct faith, correct understanding and correct conduct, believed to lead to spiritual perfection.{{sfn|Cort|2001a|pp=17–18}} In 1974, on the 2500th anniversary of the nirvana of Mahāvīra, the Jain community chose a single combined image for Jainism.{{Sfn|Robinson|2006|p=225}} It depicts the three ''lokas'', heaven, the human world and hell. The semi-circular topmost portion symbolizes ''Siddhashila'', a zone beyond the three realms. The Jain swastika and the symbol of ''Ahiṃsā'' are included, with the Jain mantra ''[[Parasparopagraho Jivanam|Parasparopagraho Jīvānām]]''{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=123}} from sūtra 5.21 of Umaswati's ''Tattvarthasūtra'', meaning "souls render service to one another".{{sfn|Vallely|2013|p=358}} Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page