Governor Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==Other European countries and empires== ===Austria=== A [[Landeshauptmann]] ([[German language|German]] for "state captain" or "state governor", literally 'country headman'; plural ''Landeshauptleute'' or ''Landeshauptmänner'' as in [[Styria]] till 1861; ''Landeshauptfrau'' is the female form) is an official title in German for certain political offices equivalent to a governor. It has historical uses, both administrative and colonial, and is now used in federal [[Austria]] and in [[South Tyrol]], a majority German-speaking province of Italy adjacent to [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]]. ===Benelux monarchies=== * In the [[Netherlands]], the government-appointed heads of the provinces were known as ''Gouverneur'' from 1814 until 1850, when their title was changed to ''King's'' (or ''Queen's'') ''Commissioner''. In the southern province of [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]], however, the commissioner is still informally called ''Governor''. * In the Dutch crown's Caribbean Overseas territories ([[Aruba]], [[Curaçao]] and [[Sint Maarten]]), the style governor is still used, alongside the political head of government. * In [[Belgium]], each of the [[Provinces of Belgium|ten provinces]] has a governor, appointed by the regional government. He represents not only the regional, but also the federal government in the province. He controls the local governments and is responsible for law and order, security and emergency action. The national capital of [[Brussels]], which is not part of a province, also has [[Governor of the Administrative Arrondissement Brussels-Capital|a governor]] with nearly the same competences. ===France=== During the [[Ancien Régime in France]], the representative of the king in his [[Provinces of France|provinces]] and cities was the '''''gouverneur'''''. Royal officers chosen from the highest [[French nobility|nobility]], provincial and city governors (oversight of provinces and cities was frequently combined) were predominantly military positions in charge of defense and policing. Provincial governors{{spaced ndash}}also called "[[Lieutenant-General (France)|lieutenant general]]s"{{spaced ndash}}also had the ability of convoking provincial [[parlement]]s, provincial estates and municipal bodies. The title "gouverneur" first appeared under [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]]. The ordinance of Blois of 1579 reduced their number to 12, but an ordinance of 1779 increased their number to 39 (18 first-class governors, 21 second-class governors). Although in principle, they were the king's representatives and their charges could be revoked at the king's will, some governors had installed themselves and their heirs as a provincial dynasty. The governors were at the height of their power from the middle of the 16th to the middle of the 17th century, but their role in provincial unrest during the civil wars led [[Cardinal Richelieu]] to create the more tractable positions of [[intendant]]s of finance, policing and justice, and in the 18th century the role of provincial governors was greatly curtailed. ===Germany=== Until 1933, the term ''Landeshauptmann'' (state governor) was used in [[Prussia]] for the head of government of a [[province]],<ref name="DDN">[[Duden]]; Definition of Landeshauptmann, in German. [http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Landeshauptmann] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030013801/http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Landeshauptmann|date=2015-10-30}}</ref> In the modern-day states of Germany, the counterpart to ''Landeshauptmann'' is the ''Ministerpräsident'' (minister-president). In the present [[States of Germany|German states]] of [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Free State of Bavaria|Bavaria]], [[Hesse]], and [[North Rhine-Westphalia]] there are – and earlier in more German states there were – sub-state administrative regions called in {{lang-de|[[Regierungsbezirk]]}}, which is sometimes translated into English as governorate. Thus its respective head, in {{lang-de|Regierungspräsident}}, is also translated as governor. ===Greece=== [[Ioannis Kapodistrias]] was the first (and, with the exception of the short tenure of his younger brother [[Augustinos Kapodistrias]], the only) [[List of heads of state of Greece|head of state of Greece]] to bear the title of governor. ===Italy=== *The essentially [[Stato da Mar|maritime empire]] of the Venetian republic, comprising Terra Firma, other Adriatic (mainly Istria and Dalmatia) and further Mediterranean (mainly Greek) possessions, used different styles, such as ''(castelleno e) [[provveditore]]'' (''generale'') or ''baile''. *In the fascist regime there was the governor of the colonies of the [[Italian colonial empire]]. *In today's Italy, the official name of a head of a [[Regione]] (the Italian subnational entity) is ''Presidente della Giunta regionale'' (President of the regional executive council), but since 2000, when a constitutional reform decided the direct election of the president by the people, it has been usual to call him/her ''governatore/governatrice'' (governor). *In the various Italian provinces (former principalities and city-states) that became amalgamated as the Papal States, the Holy See exerted temporal power via its [[papal legate|legate]]s and [[Delegate Apostolic|delegates]], including some cardinals *Also in [[Avignon]] and the surrounding southern French [[Comtat Venaissin]], the home of the popes during their 'Babylonian exile', and retained centuries after, but never incorporated into the [[Papal States]], [[Papal legate|legates]] and vice-legates were appointed. *The sovereign modern remnant of the formerly large Papal States, the tiny Vatican City State, is now a mere enclave in Rome, the capital of [[Italian Republic]]. As it is too small to have further administrative territorial divisions, it is the equivalent of a prime minister, governor and mayor all rolled into one post, styled the [[Governor of Vatican City]]. Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page