Ontology Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ===Hindu philosophy=== Ontology features in the [[Samkhya]] school of [[Hindu philosophy]] from the first millennium BCE.<ref>Larson, G.J., R.S. Bhattacharya, and K. Potter, eds. 2014. "Samkhya." pp. 3–11 in ''The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies'' 4. [[Princeton University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0691604411}}.</ref> Samkhya philosophy regards the universe as consisting of two independent realities: [[puruṣa|''puruṣa'']] (pure, contentless consciousness) and [[prakṛti|''prakṛti'']] (matter). The [[substance dualism]] between ''puruṣa'' and ''prakṛti'' is similar but not identical to the substance dualism between mind and body that, following the works of [[Descartes]], has been central to many disputes in the Western philosophical tradition.<ref name="Schweizer"/>{{rp|845}} Samkhya sees the mind as being the subtle part of ''prakṛti''. It is made up of three faculties: the sense mind (''manas''), the intellect ([[buddhi|''buddhi'']]), and the ego ([[Ahamkara|''ahaṁkāra'']]). These faculties perform various functions but are by themselves unable to produce consciousness, which belongs to a distinct ontological category and for which ''puruṣa'' alone is responsible.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ruzsa |first=Ferenc |title=Sankhya |url=https://iep.utm.edu/sankhya/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="Schweizer">{{cite journal |last=Schweizer |first=Paul |title=Mind/Consciousness Dualism in Sankhya–Yoga Philosophy |journal=Philosophy and Phenomenological Research |date=1993 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=845–859 |doi=10.2307/2108256 |jstor=2108256 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/SCHMDI}}</ref> The [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga school]] agrees with Samkhya philosophy on the fundamental dualism between ''puruṣa'' and ''prakṛti'' but it differs from Samkhya's atheistic position by incorporating the concept of a "personal, yet essentially inactive, deity" or "personal god" ([[Ishvara]]).<ref>[[Mikel Burley]] (2012), ''Classical Samkhya and Yoga – An Indian Metaphysics of Experience'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415648875}}, pp. 39–41.</ref><ref name="lpfl">Lloyd Pflueger, ''Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory and Practice of Yoga'' (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120832329}}, pp. 38–39.</ref><ref>Kovoor T. Behanan (2002), ''Yoga: Its Scientific Basis'', Dover, {{ISBN|978-0486417929}}, pp. 56–58.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bryant |first=Edwin |title=Yoga Sutras of Patanjali |url=https://iep.utm.edu/yoga/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref> These two schools stand in contrast to [[Advaita Vedanta]], which adheres to non-duality by revealing that the apparent plurality of things is an illusion ([[Maya (Hinduism)|Maya]]) hiding the true oneness of reality at its most fundamental level ([[Brahman]]).<ref>{{cite web |last=Menon |first=Sangeetha |title=Vedanta, Advaita |url=https://iep.utm.edu/adv-veda/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ranganathan |first=Shyam |title=Hindu Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/hindu-ph/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page