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Do not fill this in! === Latent tuberculosis === {{Main|Latent tuberculosis}} [[File:Mantoux tuberculin skin test.jpg|thumb|left|Mantoux tuberculin skin test]] The [[Mantoux test|Mantoux tuberculin skin test]] is often used to screen people at high risk for TB.<ref name=Clinic2009/> Those who have been previously immunized with the Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine may have a false-positive test result.<ref name=Rothel_2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rothel JS, Andersen P | s2cid = 25423684 | title = Diagnosis of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: is the demise of the Mantoux test imminent? | journal = Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy | volume = 3 | issue = 6 | pages = 981β93 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16307510 | doi = 10.1586/14787210.3.6.981 }}</ref> The test may be falsely negative in those with [[sarcoidosis]], [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]], [[malnutrition]], and most notably, active tuberculosis.<ref name=Robbins/> [[Interferon gamma release assay]]s, on a blood sample, are recommended in those who are positive to the Mantoux test.<ref name=NICE2011>{{NICE|117|Tuberculosis|2011}}</ref> These are not affected by immunization or most [[environmental mycobacteria]], so they generate fewer [[false-positive]] results.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pai M, Zwerling A, Menzies D | title = Systematic review: T-cell-based assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: an update | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 149 | issue = 3 | pages = 177β84 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18593687 | pmc = 2951987 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-149-3-200808050-00241 }}</ref> However, they are affected by ''M. szulgai'', ''M. marinum'', and ''M. kansasii''.<ref>{{cite book| veditors = Jindal SK |title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|page=544|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA544|year=2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906185238/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA544|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> IGRAs may increase sensitivity when used in addition to the skin test, but may be less sensitive than the skin test when used alone.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Amicosante M, Ciccozzi M, Markova R | title = Rational use of immunodiagnostic tools for tuberculosis infection: guidelines and cost effectiveness studies | journal = The New Microbiologica | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 93β107 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20518271 }}</ref> The [[US Preventive Services Task Force]] (USPSTF) has recommended screening people who are at high risk for latent tuberculosis with either tuberculin skin tests or [[interferon-gamma release assay]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Bauman L, Davidson KW, Epling JW, GarcΓa FA, Herzstein J, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Phillips WR, Phipps MG, Pignone MP | display-authors = 6 | title = Screening for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement | journal = JAMA | volume = 316 | issue = 9 | pages = 962β9 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 27599331 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.11046 | doi-access = free }}</ref> While some have recommend testing health care workers, evidence of benefit for this is poor {{as of|2019|lc=yes}}.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gill J, Prasad V | title = Testing Healthcare Workers for Latent Tuberculosis: Is It Evidence Based, Bio-Plausible, Both, Or Neither? | journal = The American Journal of Medicine | volume = 132 | issue = 11 | pages = 1260β1261 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 30946831 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.03.017 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) stopped recommending yearly testing of health care workers without known exposure in 2019.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sosa LE, Njie GJ, Lobato MN, Bamrah Morris S, Buchta W, Casey ML, Goswami ND, Gruden M, Hurst BJ, Khan AR, Kuhar DT, Lewinsohn DM, Mathew TA, Mazurek GH, Reves R, Paulos L, Thanassi W, Will L, Belknap R | display-authors = 6 | title = Tuberculosis Screening, Testing, and Treatment of U.S. Health Care Personnel: Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2019 | journal = MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 68 | issue = 19 | pages = 439β443 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 31099768 | pmc = 6522077 | doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm6819a3 }}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page