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Do not fill this in! ==== Active disease risk ==== The most important risk factor globally for developing active TB is concurrent HIV infection; 13% of those with TB are also infected with HIV.<ref name="WHO2011">{{cite web|year=2011|title=The sixteenth global report on tuberculosis|url=https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2011/gtbr11_executive_summary.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906223650/http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2011/gtbr11_executive_summary.pdf|archive-date=6 September 2012|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)}}</ref> This is a particular problem in [[sub-Saharan Africa]], where HIV infection rates are high.<ref>{{cite web |title = Global tuberculosis control–surveillance, planning, financing WHO Report 2006 |url= https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061212123736/http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/index.html|archive-date=12 December 2006|access-date=13 October 2006|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO) }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Chaisson RE, Martinson NA|date=March 2008|title=Tuberculosis in Africa – combating an HIV-driven crisis|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=358|issue=11|pages=1089–92|doi=10.1056/NEJMp0800809|pmid=18337598|doi-access=free}}</ref> Of those without HIV infection who are infected with tuberculosis, about 5–10% develop active disease during their lifetimes;<ref name="Pet2005" /> in contrast, 30% of those co-infected with HIV develop the active disease.<ref name="Pet2005" /> Use of certain medications, such as [[corticosteroids]] and [[infliximab]] (an anti-αTNF monoclonal antibody), is another important risk factor, especially in the [[developed world]].<ref name="Lancet11" /> Other risk factors include: [[alcoholism]],<ref name="Lancet11" /> [[diabetes mellitus]] (3-fold increased risk),<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Restrepo BI|date=August 2007|title=Convergence of the tuberculosis and diabetes epidemics: renewal of old acquaintances|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=45|issue=4|pages=436–38|doi=10.1086/519939|pmc=2900315|pmid=17638190}}</ref> [[silicosis]] (30-fold increased risk),<ref name="table3">{{cite journal|date=June 2000|title=Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. American Thoracic Society|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4906a1.htm#tab3|url-status=live|journal=MMWR. Recommendations and Reports|volume=49|issue=RR-6|pages=1–51|pmid=10881762|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217172736/http://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4906a1.htm#tab3|archive-date=17 December 2004}}</ref> [[cigarette|tobacco smoking]] (2-fold increased risk),<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=van Zyl Smit RN, Pai M, Yew WW, Leung CC, Zumla A, Bateman ED, Dheda K|date=January 2010|title=Global lung health: the colliding epidemics of tuberculosis, tobacco smoking, HIV and COPD|journal=The European Respiratory Journal|volume=35|issue=1|pages=27–33|doi=10.1183/09031936.00072909|pmc=5454527 |doi-access=free |pmid=20044459|quote=These analyses indicate that smokers are almost twice as likely to be infected with TB and to progress to active disease (RR of about 1.5 for latent TB infection (LTBI) and RR of ~2.0 for TB disease). Smokers are also twice as likely to die from TB (RR of about 2.0 for TB mortality), but data are difficult to interpret because of heterogeneity in the results across studies.}}</ref> [[indoor air quality|indoor air pollution]], malnutrition, young age,<ref name=":0" /> recently acquired TB infection, recreational drug use, severe kidney disease, low body weight, organ transplant, head and neck cancer,<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 18, 2016 |title=TB Risk Factors |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/risk.htm|access-date=25 August 2020|website=CDC |language=en-us|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830234002/https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/risk.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[genetic susceptibility]]<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Möller M, Hoal EG|date=March 2010|title=Current findings, challenges and novel approaches in human genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis|journal=Tuberculosis|volume=90|issue=2|pages=71–83|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2010.02.002|pmid=20206579}}</ref> (the overall importance of genetic risk factors remains undefined<ref name="Lancet11" />). 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