Communication Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! === Interspecies === {{main|Interspecies communication}} Most communication happens between members within a species as intraspecies communication. This is because the purpose of communication is usually some form of cooperation. Cooperation happens mostly within a species while different species are often in conflict with each other by competing over resources.<ref>{{harvnb|Berea|2017|p=56}}</ref> However, there are also some forms of interspecies communication.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Danesi|2013|pp=167–168}} | {{harvnb|Berea|2017|p=56}} }}</ref> This occurs especially for [[symbiotic]] relations and significantly less for [[parasitic]] or predator-prey relations.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Blatrix|Mayer|2010|p=129}} | {{harvnb|Berea|2017|p=61}} }}</ref> [[File:A honey bee on the Cosmos bipinnatus flower 2.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of a honey bee on a flower|A honeybee on a [[Cosmos bipinnatus|''Cosmos bipinnatus'']]. Many flowers use vivid colors to signal to insects that they offer food like nectar.]] Interspecies communication plays a key role for plants that depend on external agents for reproduction.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|p=109}}</ref> For example, flowers need insects for [[pollination]] and provide resources like [[nectar]] and other rewards in return.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|p=110}}</ref> They use communication to signal their benefits and attract visitors by using distinctive colors and symmetrical shapes to stand out from their surroundings.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Karban|2015|pp=110–112, 128}} | {{harvnb|Ketcham|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IXznDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 100]}} }}</ref> This form of advertisement is necessary since flowers compete with each other for visitors.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|p=111}}</ref> Many fruit-bearing plants rely on plant-to-animal communication to disperse their seeds and move them to a favorable location.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|p=122}}</ref> This happens by providing nutritious fruits to animals. The seeds are eaten together with the fruit and are later excreted at a different location.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|pp=122–124}}</ref> Communication makes animals aware of where the fruits are and whether they are ripe. For many fruits, this happens through their color: they have an inconspicuous green color until they ripen and take on a new color that stands in visual contrast to the environment.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|pp=125–126, 128}}</ref> Another example of interspecies communication is found in the ant-plant relation.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Blatrix|Mayer|2010|p=129}} | {{harvnb|Berea|2017|p=56}} }}</ref> It concerns, for instance, the selection of seeds by [[ant]]s for their [[ant garden]]s and the pruning of exogenous vegetation as well as plant protection by ants.<ref>{{harvnb|Blatrix|Mayer|2010|p=127}}</ref> Some animal species also engage in interspecies communication, like apes, whales, dolphins, elephants, and dogs.<ref>{{harvnb|Berea|2017|pp=56–57}}</ref> For example, different species of monkeys use common signals to cooperate when threatened by a common predator.<ref>{{harvnb|Berea|2017|p=61}}</ref> Humans engage in interspecies communication when interacting with [[pet]]s and [[working animals]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=157}} | {{harvnb|Berea|2017|p=59}} | {{harvnb|Novak|Day|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bsBYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 202–203]}} }}</ref> For instance, acoustic signals play a central role in [[dog communication|communication with dogs]]. Dogs can learn to react to various commands, like "sit" and "come". They can even be trained to respond to short syntactic combinations, like "bring X" or "put X in a box". They also react to the pitch and frequency of the human voice to detect emotions, dominance, and uncertainty. Dogs use a range of behavioral patterns to convey their emotions to humans, for example, in regard to aggressiveness, fearfulness, and playfulness.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|pp=157–158}} | {{harvnb|Coren|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Yzb3K3PykREC&pg=PT42 42]}} }}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page