Holiness movement Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ===Post-Civil War=== Following the [[American Civil War]], many Holiness proponents—most of them Methodists—became nostalgic for the heyday of camp meeting revivalism during the Second Great Awakening. The first distinct "Holiness [[camp meeting]]" convened at [[Vineland, New Jersey]] in 1867 under the leadership of [[John Swanel Inskip]], John A. Wood, Alfred Cookman, and other Methodist ministers. The gathering attracted as many as 10,000 people. At the close of the encampment, while the ministers were on their knees in prayer, they formed the National Camp Meeting Association for the Promotion of Holiness, and agreed to conduct a similar gathering the next year. This organization was commonly known as the National Holiness Association. Later, it became known as the Christian Holiness Association and subsequently the [[Christian Holiness Partnership]] The second National Camp Meeting was held at [[Manheim, Pennsylvania]], and drew upwards of 25,000 persons from all over the nation. People called it a "Pentecost." The service on Monday evening has almost become legendary for its spiritual power and influence. The third National Camp Meeting met at [[Round Lake, New York]]. This time the national press attended and write-ups appeared in numerous papers, including a large two-page pictorial in ''[[Harper's Weekly]]''. These meetings made instant religious celebrities out of many of the workers. "By the 1880s holiness was the most powerful doctrinal movement in America and seemed to be carrying away all opposition both within the Methodist Church and was quickly spreading throughout many other denominations."<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of the Holiness Movement – Holiness Movement|url=https://www.holinessmovement.org/history-of-the-holiness-movement/|access-date=2021-08-24|language=en-US}}</ref> This however, was not without objection. "The leaders of the National Camp Meeting Association for the Promotion of Holiness generally opposed 'come-outism,'...They urged believers in entire sanctification and Christian perfection to remain in their denominations and to work within them to promote holiness teaching and general spiritual vitality."<ref name="Raser, Harold 2006">Raser, Harold (2006). [https://www.usacanadaregion.org/sites/usacanadaregion.org/files/Roots/Resources/Christianizing%20Christianity%20by%20Harold%20Raser.pdf "Christianizing Christianity: The Holiness Movement As a Church, The Church, Or No Church At All?" (PDF)]. ''Wesleyan Theological Journal''. '''[https://wtsociety.com/wtj/volume/41,1 41]'''. p 9.</ref> Though distinct from the mainstream Holiness movement, the fervor of the Keswick-Holiness revival in the 1870s swept Great Britain, where it was sometimes called the [[Higher Life movement|higher life movement]] after the title of William Boardman's book ''The Higher Life''. Higher life conferences were held at [[Broadlands]] and [[Oxford]] in 1874 and in [[Brighton]] and [[Keswick, Cumbria|Keswick]] in 1875. The Keswick Convention soon became the British headquarters for this movement. The [[Faith Mission]] in Scotland was another consequence of the British Holiness movement. Another was a flow of influence from Britain back to the United States: In 1874, [[A. B. Simpson|Albert Benjamin Simpson]] read Boardman's ''Higher Christian Life'' and felt the need for such a life himself. Simpson went on to found the [[Christian and Missionary Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A. B. Simpson|url=http://www.cmalliance.org/about/history/simpson|access-date=2021-08-25|website=www.cmalliance.org}}</ref> American Holiness associations began to form as an outgrowth of this new wave of camp meetings, such as the Western Holiness Association—first of the regional associations that prefigured "come-outism"—formed at Bloomington, Illinois. In 1877, several "general holiness conventions" met in Cincinnati and New York City.<ref name="christianitytoday.com"/> In 1871, the American evangelist [[Dwight L. Moody]] had what he called an "endowment with power" as a result of some soul-searching and the prayers of two Free Methodist women who attended one of his meetings. He did not join the Wesleyan-Holiness movement but maintained a belief in progressive sanctification which his theological descendants still hold to.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What We Beleive {{!}} Doctrinal Statement {{!}} The Moody Church |url=https://www.moodychurch.org/what-we-believe/ |access-date=2015-02-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> While the great majority of Holiness proponents remained within the three major denominations of the mainline [[Methodist Episcopal Church|Methodist church]], Holiness people from other theological traditions established standalone bodies. In 1881, [[Daniel Sidney Warner|D. S. Warner]] started the Evening Light Reformation, out of which was formed the [[Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)]], bringing [[Restorationism]] to the Holiness family.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Perspective—The 1880 Evening Light Reformation |journal=Foundation Truth |date=2012 |volume=29 |issue=30 |language=English}}</ref> The Church of God Reformation Movement held that "interracial worship was a sign of the true Church", with both whites and blacks ministering regularly in Church of God congregations, which invited people of all races to worship there.<ref name="Alexander2011">{{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Estrelda Y. |title=Black Fire: One Hundred Years of African American Pentecostalism |date=3 May 2011 |publisher=InterVarsity Press |isbn=978-0-8308-2586-8 |page=82 |language=English}}</ref> Those who were [[second work of grace|entirely sanctified]] testified that they were "saved, sanctified, and prejudice removed."<ref name="Alexander2011"/> Though outsiders would sometimes attack Church of God services and camp meetings for their stand for racial equality, Church of God members were "undeterred even by violence" and "maintained their strong interracial position as the core of their message of the unity of all believers".<ref name="Alexander2011"/> In the 1890s, [[Edwin Harvey]] and Marmaduke Mendenhall Farson started the [[Metropolitan Methodist Mission]] which became known as the [[Metropolitan Church Association]]; it taught [[communal living]], holding that "material possessions could be idols that might threaten one's sanctification experience" and that "while people who do not have the Holy Spirit may give, those who do give all."<ref name="Kostlevy2000">{{cite journal |last1=Kostlevy |first1=William |title=The Burning Bush Movement: A Wisconsin Utopian Religious Community |journal=Wisconsin Magazine of History |date=2000 |volume=83 |issue=4}}</ref> Palmer's ''The Promise of the Father'', published in 1859, which argued in favor of women in ministry,<ref>{{Cite web|title="Promise of the Father" by Phoebe W. Palmer|url=http://www.craigladams.com/Palmer/Promise/index.html|access-date=2021-08-25|website=www.craigladams.com}}</ref> later influenced [[Catherine Booth]], co-founder of the [[Salvation Army]] (the practice of ministry by women is common but not universal within the denominations of the Holiness movement). The founding of the Salvation Army in 1878 helped to rekindle Holiness sentiment in the cradle of Methodism—a fire kept lit by [[Primitive Methodism|Primitive Methodists]] and other British descendants of Wesley and [[George Whitefield]] in prior decades.<ref>http://www.primitivemethodistchurch.org/preface.html (retrieved 20 February 2015)</ref> Overseas missions emerged as a central focus of the Holiness people. As one example of this world evangelism thrust, [[Pilgrim Holiness Church]] founder [[Martin Wells Knapp]] (who also founded the ''Revivalist'' in 1883, the Pentecostal Revival League and Prayer League, the Central Holiness League 1893, the International Holiness Union and Prayer League, and [[God's Bible School and College]]), saw much success in Korea, Japan, China, India, South Africa and South America. Methodist mission work in Japan led to the creation of the [[One Mission Society]], one of the largest missionary-sending Holiness agencies in the world. Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! 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